Characteristics of PM2.5 and Black Carbon Exposure Among Subway Workers
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Description of Subway Jobs
2.2. Exposure Assessment Strategy
2.3. PM2.5 Measurement
2.4. BC Measurement
2.5. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. PM2.5 and BC Exposure Characteristics
3.2. Relationship between PM2.5 and BC Exposures by Job
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Region | Line | Operating Company | Opening Year | Number of Stations |
---|---|---|---|---|
Seoul | 1 | Seoul Metro | 1974 | 10 |
1 (Gyeongbu line) | KORAIL | 1974 | 37 | |
1 (Gyeongin line) | KORAIL | 1974 | 21 | |
1 (Gyeongwon line) | KORAIL | 1974 | 25 | |
1 (Janghang line) | KORAIL | 2008 | 7 | |
2 | Seoul Metro | 1980 | 44 | |
2 (Seongsu branch line) | Seoul Metro | 1980 | 5 | |
2 (Sinjeong branch line) | Seoul Metro | 1992 | 5 | |
3 | Seoul Metro | 1985 | 34 | |
3 (Ilsan line) | KORAIL | 1996 | 11 | |
4 | Seoul Metro | 1985 | 26 | |
4 (Gwacheon line) | KORAIL | 1993 | 10 | |
4 (Ansan line) | KORAIL | 1988 | 14 | |
5 | Seoul Metro | 1995 | 44 | |
5 (Macheon branch line) | Seoul Metro | 1996 | 8 | |
6 | Seoul Metro | 2000 | 38 | |
7 | Seoul Metro | 1996 | 51 | |
9 | Metro 9 | 2009 | 30 | |
Seoul, Gyeonggi | Bundang | KORAIL | 1994 | 36 |
Incheon | 1 | Incheon Transit Corporation | 1999 | 29 |
Job | PM2.5, µg/m3 | BC, µg/m3 | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N. sub | N. meas | AM | SD | GM | GSD | Min | Max | p-value * | AM | SD | GM | GSD | Min | Max | p-value | ||
Maintenance engineers | 23 | 3173 | 76.0 | 139.2 | 49.2 | 2.2 | 1.9 | 2774.0 | 9.3 | 19.3 | 4.0 | 3.3 | 0.0005 | 283.1 | |||
Line | Incheon 1 | 5 | 713 | 40.5 | 17.7 | 37.4 | 1.5 | 19.0 | 202.0 | 0.106 | 5.1 | 5.4 | 3.2 | 3.0 | 0.0005 | 49.6 | 0.009 |
Seoul 2 | 6 | 1281 | 62.9 | 124.8 | 47.5 | 1.9 | 5.0 | 2774.0 | 7.0 | 10.2 | 3.7 | 2.9 | 0.036 | 84.0 | |||
Seoul 3 | 5 | 420 | 75.0 | 23.8 | 71.5 | 1.4 | 36.0 | 166.0 | 12.5 | 15.9 | 6.3 | 3.4 | 0.21 | 86.0 | |||
Seoul 4 | 3 | 421 | 184.6 | 288.3 | 47.5 | 5.7 | 1.9 | 1738.0 | 25.3 | 42.8 | 7.0 | 5.4 | 0.34 | 283.1 | |||
Seoul 9 | 4 | 338 | 66.9 | 10.8 | 66.0 | 1.2 | 38.0 | 90.0 | 3.2 | 2.0 | 2.8 | 1.7 | 0.64 | 15.4 | |||
Worksites | Inside motorcar | 15 | 1407 | 77.2 | 122.4 | 45.8 | 2.6 | 1.9 | 866.4 | <0.001 | 9.1 | 18.3 | 3.9 | 3.4 | 0.0005 | 283.1 | <0.001 |
Outside motorcar | 18 | 1766 | 75.1 | 151.3 | 52.1 | 2.0 | 5.0 | 2774.0 | 9.4 | 20.0 | 4.2 | 3.2 | 0.036 | 263.3 | |||
Task | Gravel work | 2 | 438 | 44.8 | 26.2 | 37.0 | 1.9 | 5.0 | 163.0 | <0.001 | 8.0 | 8.4 | 5.0 | 2.7 | 0.19 | 52.7 | <0.001 |
Moving | 11 | 778 | 79.7 | 84.3 | 57.9 | 2.3 | 1.9 | 832.0 | 10.2 | 19.2 | 4.5 | 3.3 | 0.21 | 283.1 | |||
Preparation | 19 | 1724 | 71.9 | 143.0 | 46.3 | 2.1 | 2.7 | 2774.0 | 7.5 | 14.0 | 3.4 | 3.2 | 0.0005 | 248.9 | |||
Rail grinding | 1 | 55 | 469.2 | 457.9 | 253.3 | 3.5 | 32.0 | 1738.0 | 77.5 | 68.2 | 42.5 | 3.7 | 3.34 | 263.3 | |||
Watering | 2 | 178 | 55.1 | 14.2 | 53.3 | 1.3 | 27.0 | 104.0 | 5.4 | 5.8 | 3.5 | 2.5 | 0.51 | 28.3 | |||
Subway station manager | 26 | 9330 | 39.7 | 34.0 | 33.7 | 1.7 | 4.0 | 1402.0 | 2.2 | 2.4 | 1.8 | 1.9 | 0.0005 | 75.5 | |||
Line | Bundang | 2 | 644 | 31.8 | 16.7 | 29.5 | 1.5 | 8.0 | 353.0 | 0.006 | 2.9 | 3.9 | 2.3 | 2.2 | 0.046 | 70.6 | 0.182 |
Incheon 1 | 2 | 622 | 69.4 | 76.9 | 59.1 | 1.6 | 29.0 | 1402.0 | 2.0 | 4.4 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 0.14 | 73.2 | |||
Seoul 3 | 6 | 2177 | 49.8 | 20.8 | 46.2 | 1.5 | 9.0 | 225.0 | 2.9 | 2.4 | 2.4 | 1.9 | 0.0005 | 75.5 | |||
Seoul 4 | 4 | 1267 | 42.1 | 27.6 | 35.8 | 1.8 | 9.0 | 410.0 | 2.7 | 1.9 | 2.2 | 2.0 | 0.23 | 28.4 | |||
Seoul 5 | 3 | 1178 | 20.6 | 5.9 | 19.8 | 1.3 | 4.0 | 60.0 | 1.3 | 0.8 | 1.2 | 1.6 | 0.0005 | 17.2 | |||
Seoul 6 | 3 | 1343 | 34.4 | 12.4 | 32.4 | 1.4 | 15.0 | 76.0 | 1.7 | 0.7 | 1.5 | 1.6 | 0.062 | 4.7 | |||
Seoul 7 | 2 | 644 | 50.0 | 30.0 | 41.0 | 1.9 | 14.0 | 120.0 | 2.2 | 0.9 | 2.0 | 1.5 | 0.20 | 10.3 | |||
Seoul 9 | 4 | 1455 | 28.7 | 42.9 | 24.1 | 1.6 | 9.0 | 1256.0 | 1.9 | 2.5 | 1.5 | 1.9 | 0.11 | 66.4 | |||
Location | Ground | 5 | 151 | 49.0 | 115.7 | 29.1 | 2.2 | 10.0 | 1256.0 | 0.025 | 1.8 | 1.3 | 1.5 | 1.8 | 0.53 | 11.3 | 0.327 |
Underground | 26 | 9179 | 39.5 | 30.9 | 33.8 | 1.7 | 4.0 | 1402.0 | 2.3 | 2.4 | 1.8 | 1.9 | 0.0005 | 75.5 | |||
Worksite | Office | 26 | 5495 | 36.1 | 21.2 | 31.9 | 1.6 | 7.0 | 410.0 | <0.001 | 2.2 | 2.0 | 1.8 | 1.9 | 0.0005 | 70.6 | <0.001 |
Outdoors | 5 | 151 | 49.0 | 115.7 | 29.1 | 2.2 | 10.0 | 1256.0 | 1.8 | 1.3 | 1.5 | 1.8 | 0.53 | 11.3 | |||
Passageway | 26 | 2812 | 39.8 | 26.6 | 33.7 | 1.8 | 4.0 | 583.0 | 2.1 | 2.7 | 1.7 | 1.8 | 0.046 | 73.2 | |||
Platform | 20 | 872 | 59.8 | 66.8 | 48.0 | 1.9 | 9.0 | 1402.0 | 3.2 | 3.2 | 2.6 | 1.9 | 0.19 | 75.5 | |||
Time | Rush hour ** | 26 | 3133 | 35.4 | 18.4 | 31.7 | 1.6 | 6.0 | 353.0 | <0.001 | 2.1 | 2.3 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 0.14 | 73.2 | <0.001 |
Others | 26 | 6197 | 41.8 | 39.4 | 34.7 | 1.8 | 4.0 | 1402.0 | 2.3 | 2.4 | 1.8 | 2.0 | 0.0005 | 75.5 | |||
Task | Monitoring | 26 | 5412 | 35.8 | 20.9 | 31.7 | 1.6 | 7.0 | 410.0 | <0.001 | 2.2 | 2.0 | 1.8 | 1.9 | 0.0005 | 70.6 | <0.001 |
Patrolling | 26 | 3687 | 45.3 | 46.6 | 36.9 | 1.9 | 4.0 | 1402.0 | 2.4 | 2.9 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 0.046 | 75.5 | |||
Rest | 10 | 231 | 40.1 | 29.6 | 32.6 | 1.9 | 10.0 | 207.0 | 1.8 | 1.2 | 1.5 | 1.8 | 0.086 | 10.0 | |||
Train driver | 12 | 1582 | 63.2 | 33.0 | 54.9 | 1.7 | 3.5 | 200.9 | 5.9 | 4.2 | 4.9 | 1.9 | 0.012 | 52.5 | |||
Line | Bundang | 1 | 96 | 39.3 | 9.2 | 38.1 | 1.3 | 20.5 | 54.8 | 0.181 | 3.0 | 0.9 | 2.8 | 1.9 | 0.012 | 5.4 | 0.003 |
Incheon 1 | 2 | 218 | 44.3 | 11.9 | 42.6 | 1.3 | 20.0 | 68.2 | 4.6 | 1.6 | 4.2 | 1.7 | 0.071 | 8.4 | |||
Seoul 1 | 1 | 171 | 77.3 | 16.3 | 75.7 | 1.2 | 48.7 | 120.9 | 4.3 | 1.4 | 4.1 | 1.4 | 1.79 | 8.6 | |||
Seoul 2 | 1 | 179 | 42.0 | 24.1 | 34.6 | 2.0 | 3.5 | 99.2 | 6.6 | 3.5 | 5.5 | 2.0 | 0.37 | 13.9 | |||
Seoul 3 | 1 | 162 | 108.9 | 30.1 | 104.1 | 1.4 | 35.8 | 200.9 | 15.0 | 4.7 | 14.2 | 1.4 | 5.06 | 28.6 | |||
Seoul 4 | 2 | 267 | 75.7 | 46.4 | 60.6 | 2.0 | 13.5 | 182.7 | 5.5 | 4.1 | 4.4 | 2.0 | 0.19 | 52.5 | |||
Seoul 5 | 1 | 185 | 45.0 | 17.3 | 42.0 | 1.5 | 19.3 | 93.5 | 4.1 | 1.4 | 3.9 | 1.4 | 1.89 | 7.1 | |||
Seoul 7 | 1 | 171 | 74.3 | 9.8 | 73.7 | 1.1 | 55.7 | 98.1 | 5.7 | 1.6 | 5.4 | 1.4 | 1.79 | 10.9 | |||
Seoul 9 | 2 | 133 | 51.5 | 11.4 | 50.4 | 1.2 | 29.0 | 118.9 | 4.1 | 1.0 | 4.0 | 1.3 | 1.26 | 7.3 | |||
Time 1 | Rush hour | 12 | 824 | 57.8 | 28.4 | 50.6 | 1.7 | 3.5 | 168.8 | <0.001 | 5.6 | 4.0 | 4.7 | 1.9 | 0.071 | 28.6 | 0.587 |
Others | 10 | 758 | 69.0 | 36.5 | 60.0 | 1.7 | 13.5 | 200.9 | 6.3 | 4.4 | 5.1 | 2.0 | 0.012 | 52.5 | |||
Time 2 | Forenoon | 6 | 862 | 68.9 | 31.1 | 61.0 | 1.7 | 3.5 | 200.9 | 0.446 | 7.1 | 4.8 | 5.9 | 1.8 | 0.37 | 28.6 | 0.082 |
Afternoon | 6 | 720 | 56.3 | 33.9 | 48.5 | 1.7 | 13.5 | 182.7 | 4.5 | 2.9 | 3.9 | 1.9 | 0.012 | 52.5 | |||
Total | 61 | 14085 | 50.5 | 74.1 | 38.7 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 2774.0 | 4.3 | 9.9 | 2.4 | 2.5 | 0.0005 | 283.1 |
Job | Variable | Level | PM2.5, µg/m3 | BC, µg/m3 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Estimate | SE | p-Value **** | Estimate | SE | p-Value | |||
Maintenance engineers | Task * | Moving | 1.124 | 1.454 | <0.001 | 0.497 | 1.457 | 0.007 |
Preparation | 1.425 | 1.448 | 0.633 | 1.440 | ||||
Rail grinding | 10.328 | 1.752 | 2.964 | 2.276 | ||||
Watering | 1.411 | 1.661 | 0.751 | 1.655 | ||||
Subway station managers | Task ** | Patrolling | 1.146 | 1.007 | <0.001 | 1.165 | 1.009 | <0.001 |
Rest | 1.073 | 1.024 | 0.996 | 1.031 | ||||
Train drivers | Time 2 *** | Afternoon | 1.023 | 1.843 | 0.927 | 0.852 | 1.426 | 0.287 |
Job * | Task | Black Carbon in PM2.5, % | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
N. sub | AM | Min | Max | ||
Maintenance engineers | Subtotal | 23 | 13.0 | 3.6 | 30.2 |
Gravel work | 2 | 19.3 | 15.4 | 23.1 | |
Moving | 11 | 13.6 | 3.6 | 26.3 | |
Preparation | 19 | 11.5 | 3.3 | 36.9 | |
Rail grinding | 1 | 16.5 | 16.5 | 16.5 | |
Watering | 2 | 10.4 | 5.6 | 15.3 | |
Subway station managers | Subtotal | 26 | 6.4 | 2.5 | 15.7 |
Monitoring | 26 | 6.4 | 1.9 | 18.2 | |
Patrolling | 26 | 6.4 | 2.1 | 13.4 | |
Rest | 10 | 4.8 | 1.9 | 8.8 | |
Train drivers | Subtotal | 12 | 9.4 | 5.6 | 15.8 |
Driving | 12 | 9.4 | 5.6 | 15.8 | |
Total | 61 | 9.5 | 2.5 | 30.2 |
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Choi, S.; Park, J.-H.; Kim, S.-Y.; Kwak, H.; Kim, D.; Lee, K.-H.; Park, D.-U. Characteristics of PM2.5 and Black Carbon Exposure Among Subway Workers. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 2901. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16162901
Choi S, Park J-H, Kim S-Y, Kwak H, Kim D, Lee K-H, Park D-U. Characteristics of PM2.5 and Black Carbon Exposure Among Subway Workers. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(16):2901. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16162901
Chicago/Turabian StyleChoi, Sangjun, Ju-Hyun Park, So-Yeon Kim, Hyunseok Kwak, Dongwon Kim, Kyong-Hui Lee, and Dong-Uk Park. 2019. "Characteristics of PM2.5 and Black Carbon Exposure Among Subway Workers" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 16: 2901. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16162901