Prevalence and Predictors of Vitamin D Deficiency among African Immigrants Living in Australia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristic | Total Population | Vitamin D Deficient | Vitamin D Sufficient | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | ||
Sex | 0.849 | |||
Men | 113 (48) | 40 (47) | 73 (48) | |
Women | 123 (52) | 45 (53) | 78 (52) | |
Age, years, mean (SD) | 45.5 (15) | 41.3 (15) | 47.9 (15) | 0.001 |
Region of birth | 0.007 | |||
North Africa and Middle East | 95 (40) | 44 (52) | 51 (34) | |
Sub-Saharan Africa | 141 (60) | 41 (48) | 100 (66) | |
Season | <0.001 | |||
Summer/autumn (December–May) | 139 (59) | 36 (42) | 103 (68) | |
Winter/spring (June–November) | 97 (41) | 49 (58) | 48 (32) | |
Body mass index category | 0.036 | |||
Underweight/healthy weight (<25 kg/m2) | 68 (29) | 26 (31) | 42 (28) | |
Overweight (25.0 to <30 kg/m2) | 99 (42) | 27 (32) | 72 (48) | |
Obese (≥30 kg/m2) | 69 (29) | 32 (38) | 37 (25) | |
Smoking | 0.857 | |||
Ex/non-smoker | 193 (82) | 69 (81) | 124 (82) | |
Current | 43 (18) | 16 (19) | 27 (18) | |
Education | 0.583 | |||
Less than university | 111 (47) | 42 (49) | 69 (46) | |
University | 125 (53) | 43 (51) | 82 (54) | |
Physical activity | 0.032 | |||
Low/sedentary | 154 (65) | 63 (74) | 91 (60) | |
Moderate/high | 82 (35) | 22 (26) | 60 (40) | |
Socioeconomic status | 0.101 | |||
Low | 100 (42) | 42 (49) | 58 (38) | |
High | 136 (58) | 43 (51) | 93 (62) | |
Vitamin D status 1 | ||||
Deficient (25(OH)D <50 nmol/L) | 85 (36) | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Insufficient (25(OH)D 50 to <75 nmol/L) | 103 (44) | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Sufficient (25(OH)D ≥75 nmol/L) | 48 (20) | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Characteristic | PR (95% CI) | p-Value |
---|---|---|
Age, per year | 0.98 (0.97, 0.99) | 0.004 |
Season | ||
Summer/autumn | Ref | |
Winter/spring | 1.89 (1.35, 2.64) | <0.001 |
Physical activity | ||
Moderate/high | Ref | |
Low/sedentary | 1.64 (1.12, 2.39) | 0.011 |
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Horton-French, K.; Dunlop, E.; Lucas, R.M.; Pereira, G.; Black, L.J. Prevalence and Predictors of Vitamin D Deficiency among African Immigrants Living in Australia. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 2855. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16162855
Horton-French K, Dunlop E, Lucas RM, Pereira G, Black LJ. Prevalence and Predictors of Vitamin D Deficiency among African Immigrants Living in Australia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(16):2855. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16162855
Chicago/Turabian StyleHorton-French, Kahlea, Eleanor Dunlop, Robyn M. Lucas, Gavin Pereira, and Lucinda J. Black. 2019. "Prevalence and Predictors of Vitamin D Deficiency among African Immigrants Living in Australia" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 16: 2855. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16162855