Prevalence and Risk Factors of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction: A Population-Based Study in Northeast China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Data Collection and Definitions
2.3. Echocardiography Measurements
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Basic Characteristics of the Study Population
3.2. Prevalence of HFpEF by Age and Sex
3.3. Prevalence of Clinical Co-Morbidities by Presence of HFpEF
3.4. Factors Associated with HFpEF
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Total (n = 2230) | Male (n = 1055) | Female (n = 1175) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Demographics | ||||
Age (years) | 56 ± 11 | 56 ± 11 | 55 ± 10 | 0.025 |
Current smoking status | 818 (36.7) | 597 (56.6) | 221 (18.8) | <0.001 |
Current drinking status | 440 (19.7) | 421 (39.9) | 19 (1.6) | <0.001 |
Physical activity | 0.001 | |||
Low | 509 (22.8) | 205 (19.4) | 304 (25.9) | |
Moderate | 1540 (69.1) | 762 (72.2) | 778 (66.2) | |
High | 181 (8.1) | 88 (8.3) | 93 (7.9) | |
Family income (CNY/year) | 0.345 | |||
≤5000 | 427 (19.1) | 213 (20.2) | 214 (18.2) | |
5000–20,000 | 1196 (53.6) | 550 (52.1) | 646 (55.0) | |
>20,000 | 607 (27.2) | 292 (27.7) | 315 (26.8) | |
BMI (kg/m2) | 24.2 ± 3.6 | 24.1 ± 3.6 | 24.3 ± 3.7 | 0.207 |
WC (cm) | 83.1 ± 9.7 | 84.1 ± 10.0 | 82.1 ± 9.4 | <0.001 |
SBP (mm Hg) | 137.9 ± 23.0 | 139.7 ± 22.1 | 136.3 ± 23.7 | <0.001 |
DBP (mm Hg) | 81.1 ± 11.6 | 82.6 ± 11.2 | 79.7 ± 11.8 | <0.001 |
Laboratory variables | ||||
TC (mmol/L) | 5.13 ± 1.06 | 5.05 ± 1.06 | 5.20 ± 1.05 | 0.001 |
TG (mmol/L) | 1.78 ± 1.73 | 1.84 ± 2.00 | 1.73 ± 1.44 | 0.143 |
LDL-C (mmol/L) | 2.67 ± 0.67 | 2.63 ± 0.64 | 2.71 ± 0.69 | 0.005 |
HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.32 ± 0.30 | 1.30 ± 0.33 | 1.33 ± 0.27 | 0.034 |
FPG (mmol/L) | 5.95 ± 1.63 | 6.00 ± 1.64 | 5.91 ± 1.63 | 0.220 |
Uric acid (μmol/L) | 315.4 ± 87.8 | 356.7 ± 88.0 | 278.3 ± 69.2 | <0.001 |
Hemoglobin (g/L) | 136.5 ± 14.8 | 146.3 ± 12.7 | 127.8 ± 10.5 | <0.001 |
Estimated GFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 87.5 ± 14.6 | 90.2 ± 13.8 | 85.1 ± 14.8 | <0.001 |
Echocardiographic parameters | ||||
LAD, cm | 3.4 ± 0.4 | 3.5 ± 0.4 | 3.3 ± 0.4 | <0.001 |
LVEDV, mL | 104.3 ± 23.9 | 112.7 ± 22.4 | 96.7 ± 22.5 | <0.001 |
LVESV, mL | 37.2 ± 10.2 | 39.6 ± 11.4 | 35.0 ± 8.6 | <0.001 |
LVEF, % | 64.1 ± 6.8 | 64.9 ± 5.9 | 63.4 ± 7.4 | <0.001 |
E/E′ | 9.1 ± 3.9 | 8.6 ± 3.7 | 9.5 ± 4.1 | <0.001 |
E/A | 1.0 ± 0.6 | 1.0 ± 0.7 | 1.0 ± 0.4 | 0.252 |
EDT, ms | 191.8 ± 37.7 | 191.1 ± 35.7 | 192.4 ± 39.4 | 0.337 |
LVMI, g/m2 | 90.3 ± 57.5 | 95.3 ± 67.4 | 85.7 ± 46.5 | <0.001 |
Co-morbidities | ||||
Hypertension | 1001 (44.9) | 499 (47.3) | 502 (42.7) | 0.03 |
Diabetes | 253 (11.3) | 110 (10.4) | 143 (12.2) | 0.195 |
General obesity | 131 (5.9) | 55 (5.2) | 76 (6.5) | 0.208 |
Abdominal obesity | 351 (15.7) | 41 (3.9) | 310 (26.4) | <0.001 |
History of stroke | 244 (10.9) | 119 (11.3) | 125 (10.6) | 0.628 |
History of heart disease | 370 (16.6) | 129 (12.2) | 241 (20.5) | <0.001 |
Dyslipidemia | 856 (38.4) | 424 (40.2) | 432 (36.8) | 0.097 |
Variable | Men | Women | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI | p-Value | OR | 95% CI | p-Value | |
Age (year) | 1.016 | 0.966–1.070 | 0.536 | 0.973 | 0.939–1.008 | 0.128 |
Current smoking status | 0.671 | 0.254–1.775 | 0.422 | 1.713 | 0.902–3.253 | 0.1 |
Current drinking status | 1.455 | 0.549–3.854 | 0.45 | 2.007 | 0.420–9.592 | 0.383 |
Physical activity | 1.156 | 0.492–2.716 | 0.74 | 0.916 | 0.562–1.493 | 0.725 |
Dyslipidemia | 0.863 | 0.307–2.423 | 0.78 | 0.902 | 0.498–1.637 | 0.735 |
Hyperuricaemia | 1.99 | 0.697–5.684 | 0.199 | 1.755 | 0.815–3.777 | 0.15 |
Anemia | 0.673 | 0.080–5.694 | 0.716 | 1.234 | 0.583–2.613 | 0.583 |
Decreased estimated GFR | 0.908 | 0.089–9.245 | 0.935 | 1.983 | 0.723–5.435 | 0.183 |
Hypertension | 2.346 | 0.784–7.018 | 0.127 | 4.462 | 2.222–8.960 | <0.001 * |
Diabetes | 1.799 | 0.543–5.958 | 0.337 | 0.759 | 0.340–1.695 | 0.501 |
General obesity | 1.911 | 0.284–12.867 | 0.505 | 0.75 | 0.234–2.403 | 0.628 |
Abdominal obesity | 1.076 | 0.119–9.719 | 0.948 | 1.152 | 0.611–2.170 | 0.662 |
History of stroke | 1.12 | 0.297–4.220 | 0.868 | 1.913 | 0.951–3.845 | 0.069 |
History of heart disease | 2.602 | 0.917–7.388 | 0.072 | 1.872 | 1.034–3.390 | 0.039 * |
Income | 1.031 | 0.502–2.120 | 0.934 | 1.048 | 0.667–1.647 | 0.839 |
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Guo, L.; Guo, X.; Chang, Y.; Yang, J.; Zhang, L.; Li, T.; Sun, Y. Prevalence and Risk Factors of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction: A Population-Based Study in Northeast China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2016, 13, 770. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13080770
Guo L, Guo X, Chang Y, Yang J, Zhang L, Li T, Sun Y. Prevalence and Risk Factors of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction: A Population-Based Study in Northeast China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2016; 13(8):770. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13080770
Chicago/Turabian StyleGuo, Liang, Xiaofan Guo, Ye Chang, Jun Yang, Limin Zhang, Tan Li, and Yingxian Sun. 2016. "Prevalence and Risk Factors of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction: A Population-Based Study in Northeast China" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 13, no. 8: 770. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13080770