Journal Description
Engineering Proceedings
Engineering Proceedings
is an open access journal dedicated to publishing findings resulting from conferences, workshops, and similar events, in all areas of engineering. The conference organizers and proceedings editors are responsible for managing the peer-review process and selecting papers for conference proceedings.
Latest Articles
Interpretable Sewer Defect Detection with Large Multimodal Models
Eng. Proc. 2024, 69(1), 158; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024069158 (registering DOI) - 20 Sep 2024
Abstract
Large Multimodal Models are emerging general AI models capable of processing and analyzing diverse data streams, including text, imagery, and sequential data. This paper explores the possibility of exploiting multimodality to develop more interpretable AI-based predictive tools for the water sector, with a
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Large Multimodal Models are emerging general AI models capable of processing and analyzing diverse data streams, including text, imagery, and sequential data. This paper explores the possibility of exploiting multimodality to develop more interpretable AI-based predictive tools for the water sector, with a first application for sewer defect detection from CCTV imagery. To this aim, we test the zero-shot generalization performance of three generalist large language-vision models for binary sewer defect detection on a subset of the SewerML dataset. We compared the LMMs against a state-of-the-art unimodal Deep Learning approach which has been trained and validated on >1 million SewerML images. Unsurprisingly, the chosen benchmark showcases the best performances, with an overall F1 Score of 0.80. Nonetheless, OpenAI GPT4-V demonstrates relatively good performances with an overall F1 Score of 0.61, displaying equal or better results than the benchmark for some defect classes. Furthermore, GPT4-V often provides text descriptions aligned with the provided prediction, accurately describing the rationale behind a certain decision. Similarly, GPT4-V displays interesting emerging behaviors for trustworthiness, such as refusing to classify images that are too blurred or unclear. Despite the significantly lower performance from the open-source models CogVLM and LLaVA, some preliminary successes suggest good potential for enhancement through fine-tuning, agentic workflows, or retrieval-augmented generation.
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(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 3rd International Joint Conference on Water Distribution Systems Analysis & Computing and Control for the Water Industry (WDSA/CCWI 2024))
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Open AccessProceeding Paper
Water Leakage Pre-Localization in Drinking Water Networks via the Cosmic-Ray Neutron Sensing Technique
by
Luca Morselli, Federica Lorenzi, Andrea Basso and Luca Stevanato
Eng. Proc. 2024, 69(1), 157; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024069157 - 20 Sep 2024
Abstract
Water leaks in drinking water networks contribute significantly to water losses and pose challenges to infrastructure sustainability. This study introduces a novel approach using Cosmic-Ray Neutron Sensing (CRNS) for pre-localizing leaks. We present a CRNS-based roving system that can detect the neutrons and
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Water leaks in drinking water networks contribute significantly to water losses and pose challenges to infrastructure sustainability. This study introduces a novel approach using Cosmic-Ray Neutron Sensing (CRNS) for pre-localizing leaks. We present a CRNS-based roving system that can detect the neutrons and muons produced by cosmic rays, providing real-time, below-ground water content data while addressing local variations. These data are analyzed using a one-class Support Vector Machine trained in an unsupervised manner. Finally, a brief overview of a proof of concept of the method conducted in a water district in Northern Italy is shown, highlighting preliminary results alongside some limitations.
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(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 3rd International Joint Conference on Water Distribution Systems Analysis & Computing and Control for the Water Industry (WDSA/CCWI 2024))
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Open AccessProceeding Paper
Online Temperature Modeling in the Hangzone Sonnenberg, Zurich
by
Fabio Belotti, Harald Tarnowski, Zdenek Svitak and Petr Ingeduld
Eng. Proc. 2024, 69(1), 156; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024069156 - 20 Sep 2024
Abstract
Continuous measurements within the water distribution network of the Water Supply Zurich (WVZ) revealed surprisingly high water temperatures in different locations, especially during the summer months. Initial investigations were unable to determine the source of the elevated water temperatures, so the WVZ initiated
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Continuous measurements within the water distribution network of the Water Supply Zurich (WVZ) revealed surprisingly high water temperatures in different locations, especially during the summer months. Initial investigations were unable to determine the source of the elevated water temperatures, so the WVZ initiated a pilot project for online monitoring and modeling of the water temperature in the network for the Hangzone Sonnenberg pressure zone. Modeling the interaction of the initial water source temperature, water source mixing and heat exchange due to ground temperature is one of the main challenges in this project.
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(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 3rd International Joint Conference on Water Distribution Systems Analysis & Computing and Control for the Water Industry (WDSA/CCWI 2024))
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Open AccessProceeding Paper
A Study on Short-Term Water-Demand Forecasting Using Statistical Techniques
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Jungwon Yu, Hyansu Bae, Mi-Seon Kang, Kwang-Ju Kim and In-Su Jang
Eng. Proc. 2024, 69(1), 154; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024069154 - 20 Sep 2024
Abstract
This paper proposes a method for short-term weekly water-demand forecasting combining various statistical techniques. In the proposed method, training datasets are prepared through exploratory data analysis, several data preprocessing steps, and an input selection step; also, forecasting models are constructed by support vector
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This paper proposes a method for short-term weekly water-demand forecasting combining various statistical techniques. In the proposed method, training datasets are prepared through exploratory data analysis, several data preprocessing steps, and an input selection step; also, forecasting models are constructed by support vector regression. After this, weekly water-demand forecasts are calculated using iterated and direct strategies. To verify the performance, the proposed method is applied to urban hourly water-demand datasets provided by the Battle of Water Demand Forecasting organized in the 3rd WDSA-CCWI Joint Conference.
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(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 3rd International Joint Conference on Water Distribution Systems Analysis & Computing and Control for the Water Industry (WDSA/CCWI 2024))
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Open AccessProceeding Paper
Role of Emotional Maturity and Social Support in Predicting Quarter-Life Crisis in Emerging Adulthood Using Multiple Linear Regression Analysis
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Muhamad Nanang Suprayogi and Wira Bagus Santoso
Eng. Proc. 2024, 74(1), 65; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024074065 (registering DOI) - 20 Sep 2024
Abstract
This study aims to examine the role of emotional maturity and social support in predicting the level of quarter-life crisis in emerging adulthood. The employed research method was multiple linear regression analysis. The participants were individuals aged 18 to 29 years. Further, 122
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This study aims to examine the role of emotional maturity and social support in predicting the level of quarter-life crisis in emerging adulthood. The employed research method was multiple linear regression analysis. The participants were individuals aged 18 to 29 years. Further, 122 participants were selected using convenience sampling. The data were collected using a questionnaire survey based on the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support to assess social support and the quarter-life crisis scale based on the theory by Robbins and Wilner. To assess emotional maturity, we used the emotional maturity scale based on the theory by Walgito. Emotional maturity and social support were important in predicting the level of quarter-life crisis in emerging adulthood. Higher levels of emotional maturity and social support were associated with lower levels of quarter-life crisis experiences in emerging adulthood.
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Open AccessProceeding Paper
Impact of Flour Particle Size and Starch Damage on Baking Properties of Wheat Flour Grown in Dry Climates: A Uzbekistan Case Study
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Sirojiddin Sadullayev, Suvankul Ravshanov, Jamol Mirzayev, Anvar Ibragimov, Laylo Baxromova and Rayhon Yuldashova
Eng. Proc. 2024, 67(1), 47; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024067047 (registering DOI) - 20 Sep 2024
Abstract
The impact of flour particle size and starch damage on the baking properties of wheat flour cultivated in dry climates, focusing on Uzbekistan, was investigated. Given the critical role of bread and flour products in Central Asian diets, understanding grain cultivation’s influence on
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The impact of flour particle size and starch damage on the baking properties of wheat flour cultivated in dry climates, focusing on Uzbekistan, was investigated. Given the critical role of bread and flour products in Central Asian diets, understanding grain cultivation’s influence on these products is imperative. Dry climates affect wheat quality, particularly its protein and glutenin content, influencing dough resistance and bread appearance. This study evaluated how flour particle size and starch damage affect baking properties using wheat flour grown in semi-arid regions, aiming to assist wheat growers in post-harvest irrigation decisions. Through a combination of chemical and physico-chemical methods, including particle size analysis, damaged starch measurement, and baking tests, this study elucidated the relationship between flour characteristics and baking performance. Results indicate that smaller flour particle sizes enhance dough-mixing properties, but may adversely affect crumb firmness. Furthermore, high levels of starch damage negatively impact flour quality and baking properties. Importantly, this study underscores the significance of understanding these factors in optimizing wheat cultivation and flour processing for improved bread quality in dry climates. Specifically, results show that for high-grade flour (Sardor), the control sample had a gluten content of 25.6%, with a drop number of 190 and a degree of starch damage of 26.9 units. Conversely, flour samples from locally grown soft wheat demonstrated higher starch damage, ranging from 3.4 to 3.9 units compared to imported samples. Additionally, regression analysis revealed significant coefficients for particle size and starch damage on the amount of wet gluten washed from these flour samples.
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(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 3rd International Electronic Conference on Processes)
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Open AccessProceeding Paper
Building Information Modeling (BIM) Application in Construction Waste Quantification—A Review
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Usman Aftab, Farrokh Jaleel, Mughees Aslam, Muhammad Haroon and Rafiq Mansoor
Eng. Proc. 2024, 75(1), 8; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024075008 (registering DOI) - 20 Sep 2024
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The construction industry is known for poor performance, low productivity, high waste generation, and for lagging in the adoption of new technology. A high rate of material wastage in construction projects has economic and environmental implications for concerned stakeholders. Construction waste quantification is
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The construction industry is known for poor performance, low productivity, high waste generation, and for lagging in the adoption of new technology. A high rate of material wastage in construction projects has economic and environmental implications for concerned stakeholders. Construction waste quantification is an essential requirement for formulating waste management strategies. Technological advancements like building information modeling (BIM) and artificial intelligence (AI) provide effective solutions to the construction industry to deal with these prevalent issues. This literature review-based study observes the scarcity of research on the application of BIM in construction waste quantification. The limited number of studies found in the literature confirm the ability of BIM-aided waste quantification models to forecast waste generation. Moreover, the application of these models can also assist in reducing waste to a considerable extent. This study recommends that further studies should be conducted on technology-assisted waste quantification in building and infrastructure projects to evaluate their effectiveness for subsequent implementation in the industry.
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Open AccessProceeding Paper
Decarbonizing Pakistan’s Cement Sector: The Role of Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) Technologies
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Ubaid Zia, Saleha Qureshi, Hina Aslam and Muhammad Zulfiqar
Eng. Proc. 2024, 75(1), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024075007 (registering DOI) - 20 Sep 2024
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The cement industry accounts for 7% of total greenhouse gas emissions, with Pakistan’s industry emitting 8.9 million tons annually. Existing decarbonization efforts are insufficient due to technological and policy constraints. CCS presents several challenges, including high costs and energy requirements, as well as
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The cement industry accounts for 7% of total greenhouse gas emissions, with Pakistan’s industry emitting 8.9 million tons annually. Existing decarbonization efforts are insufficient due to technological and policy constraints. CCS presents several challenges, including high costs and energy requirements, as well as advanced monitoring requirements. Policy challenges include the lack of clear regulatory frameworks and incentives for CCS deployment. This study uses scenario analysis with the Low-Emission Analysis Platform (LEAP) to investigate the viability of CCS in meeting Pakistan’s Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) and net-zero targets. According to the results, CCS has the potential to reduce emissions by 18 Mt under the NDC scenario and attain net-zero status by 2050; however, it will require robust policy support, infrastructure, and regulatory frameworks.
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Open AccessProceeding Paper
An Assessment of the Drinking Water Supply System in Islamabad, Pakistan
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Jamshaid Iqbal, Hussnain Javed and Muhammad Tahir Sajjad
Eng. Proc. 2024, 75(1), 6; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024075006 (registering DOI) - 20 Sep 2024
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Presently, the provision of safe drinking water is becoming a big challenge all over the world. In developing countries like Pakistan, many technical, financial and policy-related issues are hindering clean drinking water supply to communities. This study evaluates the performance of the drinking
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Presently, the provision of safe drinking water is becoming a big challenge all over the world. In developing countries like Pakistan, many technical, financial and policy-related issues are hindering clean drinking water supply to communities. This study evaluates the performance of the drinking water supply system in Islamabad, starting from the Khanpur Dam to the consumer end via the Sangjani water treatment plant (SG-WTP). For this purpose, different physicochemical and biological parameters of water quality were analyzed and compared at four different locations in the Islamabad water supply network (also called the Khanpur Dam water supply network) for a period of one year. Statistical analyses such as the t-test, principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA) were performed to observe the variations in water quality parameters at the four locations. The results illustrate that the water quality upstream of the SG-WTP is declining due to various anthropogenic activities adding a variety of organic and inorganic pollutants into the water channel coming from the Khanpur Dam to the Sangjani plant. The water quality at the consumer end is deteriorating mainly due to algal growth and cracks in the water distribution network. As far as the performance of the SG-WTP is concerned, it is currently in good working condition and treating most of the water pollution coming from the Khanpur Dam water. Proper repair, maintenance and regular monitoring are necessary for sustainable operation of the Islamabad water supply system.
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Open AccessProceeding Paper
Comparative Analysis of Adhesive Effectiveness in Kevlar/Aluminum 6061-T6 Hybrid Double-Strap Joints: A Study on Static and Fatigue Strength
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Shahid Iqbal, Adnan Tariq, Manzar Masud, Shahab Khushnood and Waqas Bin Faateh
Eng. Proc. 2024, 75(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024075005 - 20 Sep 2024
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This research work experimentally investigates the effectiveness of various adhesives in bonding Kevlar fiber-reinforced polymer with aluminum alloy 6061-T6 in a hybrid double-strap joint. Hybrid double-strap joints were developed using thermosetting epoxy Araldite LY5052 with Aradur H5052 and thermoplastic epoxy polyurethane mixed with
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This research work experimentally investigates the effectiveness of various adhesives in bonding Kevlar fiber-reinforced polymer with aluminum alloy 6061-T6 in a hybrid double-strap joint. Hybrid double-strap joints were developed using thermosetting epoxy Araldite LY5052 with Aradur H5052 and thermoplastic epoxy polyurethane mixed with tetrahydrofuran. These specimens were prepared using a hand layup method. Both adhesives were used to make eighty samples: forty for thermoplastic epoxy polyurethane with tetrahydrofuran and forty for thermosetting epoxy Araldite LY5052 with Aradur H5052. In order to determine the static strength of joints, tensile tests were conducted using a universal testing machine (UTM) where a tension–tension fatigue test was carried out on 50%, 70%, and 80% of the static load at which the joint failed. In the thermosetting double lap strap joint, the findings of both the elongation and fatigue tests showed an increase in strength throughout both the elongation and fatigue cycles. Thermosetting Kevlar hybrid joints have a high static and fatigue strength. Based on the results, thermosetting hybrid joints using Aradur H5052 and epoxy Araldite LY5052 had a static strength of 20.67 KN, whereas a thermoplastic adhesive joint had a static strength of 11.93 KN. Furthermore, the microscopic failure modes revealed that the mode of failure for the joints was cohesive and mixed-mode failure.
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Open AccessProceeding Paper
Experimental Study on Ultimate Tensile Strength and Impact Energy of Al-2024 Friction Stir-Welded Joints
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Muhammad Waqas Hanif, Feroz Haider, Muhammad Jawad, Asad Ali and Asif Imran
Eng. Proc. 2024, 75(1), 4; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024075004 - 20 Sep 2024
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This paper focuses on the multi-objective optimization of friction stir welding process parameters. Three input variables, including the axial load (AL), tool rotation speed (RS), and tool tilt angle (TA), were selected to optimize the mechanical characteristics of Al-2024 friction stir-welded (FSW) joints.
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This paper focuses on the multi-objective optimization of friction stir welding process parameters. Three input variables, including the axial load (AL), tool rotation speed (RS), and tool tilt angle (TA), were selected to optimize the mechanical characteristics of Al-2024 friction stir-welded (FSW) joints. The ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and impact energy (IE) were selected as output responses to measure the mechanical characteristics of Al-2024 FSW joints. A total of nine experiments, using the L9 orthogonal array as part of the Taguchi method, were performed to determine the significance of the process parameters. Gray relational analysis (GRA) was employed to conduct the multi-objective optimization of these combinations of process parameters. The results of the analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that the AL has the most significant effect on the UTS and IE of Al-2024 FSW joints, followed by the TA and RS. The Taguchi-based GRA analysis revealed that an AL of 10 KN, a TA of 2 degrees, and an RS of 1500 rpm resulted in an optimal UTS of 333.06 MPa and an IE of 40.62 Joules. In these optimal experimental settings, optical microscopy analysis revealed the presence of a recrystallized fine-grain structure in the heat-affected zone of the welded region.
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Open AccessProceeding Paper
Development of a Flexible Piezoelectric Biosensor That Integrates BaTiO3–Poly(Dimethylsiloxane) for Posture Correction Applications
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Menduh Furkan Aslan, Cem Özbek, Gökhan Yiğit, Mehmet Tosun and Seda Demirel Topel
Eng. Proc. 2024, 73(1), 2; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024073002 - 20 Sep 2024
Abstract
The prolonged issue of poor posture due to desk work has led to innovative technological remedies. This study shows the development of a flexible piezoelectric biosensor integrating BaTiO3 nanoparticles within a Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) matrix for practical posture correction. The biosensor is capable
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The prolonged issue of poor posture due to desk work has led to innovative technological remedies. This study shows the development of a flexible piezoelectric biosensor integrating BaTiO3 nanoparticles within a Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) matrix for practical posture correction. The biosensor is capable of real-time posture monitoring and correction by leveraging the piezoelectric properties of BaTiO3. Comprehensive synthesis and characterization using X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) validated the ideal particle size and crystalline structure of the composite. COMSOL Multiphysics simulations showed a peak potential of 0.87 volts under mechanical stress, which further confirmed the sensor’s efficiency. Electrical testing revealed that the sensor with 35 wt.% BaTiO3 exhibited a higher output voltage of 0.87 V compared to 0.34 V for the sensor with 30 wt.% BaTiO3, emphasizing its exceptional potential for addressing posture-related issues.
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(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Biosensors)
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Open AccessProceeding Paper
Review of Reduced-Order Models for Online Protection of Water Distribution Networks
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Cheima Djemel, Olivier Piller, Thierry Horsin, Chloé Mimeau and Iraj Mortazavi
Eng. Proc. 2024, 69(1), 159; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024069159 (registering DOI) - 19 Sep 2024
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This paper presents a review of reduced-order models (ROMs) and digital twins, with a primary focus on their application to water distribution networks (WDNs). Initially, we concentrated on the physical modelling of WDNs. Following this, we introduced relevant programming, specifically addressing WDNs and
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This paper presents a review of reduced-order models (ROMs) and digital twins, with a primary focus on their application to water distribution networks (WDNs). Initially, we concentrated on the physical modelling of WDNs. Following this, we introduced relevant programming, specifically addressing WDNs and solving equations for extended-period simulations. This paper then explored various ROM methods outlined in the existing literature. Lastly, we highlighted recent initiatives in the implementation of digital twins and approaches aimed at reducing uncertainty.
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(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 3rd International Joint Conference on Water Distribution Systems Analysis & Computing and Control for the Water Industry (WDSA/CCWI 2024))
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Open AccessProceeding Paper
Energy Optimization in Pressurized Water Networks: Exploring Case Studies with Energos Tool for Sustainable Solutions
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Elena Gómez, Roberto del Teso, Elvira Estruch-Juan and Enrique Cabrera
Eng. Proc. 2024, 69(1), 153; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024069153 - 19 Sep 2024
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This paper describes energy diagnostics for water networks, which are complex systems with one or several inputs and multiple outputs, and also describes the ENERGOS tool created to perform the diagnostics. This tool was designed and conceived to be easy to use and
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This paper describes energy diagnostics for water networks, which are complex systems with one or several inputs and multiple outputs, and also describes the ENERGOS tool created to perform the diagnostics. This tool was designed and conceived to be easy to use and mainly requires few data from the system. For target setting, ENERGOS has a set of wizards that guide the user in setting these limits and proposes values based on experience, the literature or regulations.
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(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 3rd International Joint Conference on Water Distribution Systems Analysis & Computing and Control for the Water Industry (WDSA/CCWI 2024))
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Open AccessProceeding Paper
Optimized Integration of Solar and Battery Systems in Water Distribution Networks
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Anudeep Bhatraj, Elad Salomons and Mashor Housh
Eng. Proc. 2024, 69(1), 151; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024069151 (registering DOI) - 19 Sep 2024
Abstract
Water Distribution Networks (WDNs) are traditionally known as significant energy users, leading to numerous studies aimed at enhancing their energy efficiency. However, despite the growing attention towards renewable energy, there has been limited focus on seamlessly incorporating sustainable energy solutions into WDNs. We
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Water Distribution Networks (WDNs) are traditionally known as significant energy users, leading to numerous studies aimed at enhancing their energy efficiency. However, despite the growing attention towards renewable energy, there has been limited focus on seamlessly incorporating sustainable energy solutions into WDNs. We present an optimization framework for designing and operating WDNs that integrate renewable energy sources. This model considers the unique constraints and needs of each system component. Drawing from realistic capital and operational cost estimates, this combined system refines the arrangement of both water and energy elements (for instance, determining the appropriate size for solar panels and battery systems and the capacity of pumping stations). It also suggests optimal daily operational strategies for the different seasons of the year, such as when to charge batteries or when to activate/deactivate pumps. Our findings highlight that when water and renewable energy systems are cohesively designed and operated, it can markedly boost the energy efficiency of WDNs, furthering the sustainability goals of both the water and energy sectors.
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(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 3rd International Joint Conference on Water Distribution Systems Analysis & Computing and Control for the Water Industry (WDSA/CCWI 2024))
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Open AccessProceeding Paper
Sensor Placement and State Estimation in Water Distribution Systems Using Edge Gaussian Processes
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Bulat Kerimov, Vincent Pons, Spyros Pritsis, Riccardo Taormina and Franz Tscheikner-Gratl
Eng. Proc. 2024, 69(1), 150; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024069150 - 19 Sep 2024
Abstract
The operation of water distribution systems is based on reliable knowledge about the steady state of the system. This involves sensors to measure flow, facilitating a comprehensive overview of the system’s performance. Given the costs associated with sensor installation and operation, it is
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The operation of water distribution systems is based on reliable knowledge about the steady state of the system. This involves sensors to measure flow, facilitating a comprehensive overview of the system’s performance. Given the costs associated with sensor installation and operation, it is important to be strategic with sensor allocation. Recently developed Gaussian Processes with topological kernels can efficiently model mass and energy conservative flows and provide uncertainty bounds. Our work proposes a novel method of state estimation and a greedy search algorithm for water flow meter placement based on the uncertainty bounds provided by a Gaussian Process.
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(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 3rd International Joint Conference on Water Distribution Systems Analysis & Computing and Control for the Water Industry (WDSA/CCWI 2024))
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Open AccessProceeding Paper
Residential End Uses of Water: Global Evidence
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Filippo Mazzoni, Stefano Alvisi, Mirjam Blokker, Steven Buchberger, Andrea Castelletti, Andrea Cominola, Marie-Philine Gross, Heinz E. Jacobs, Peter Mayer, David B. Steffelbauer, Rodney A. Stewart, Ashlynn S. Stillwell, Velitchko Tzatchkov, Victor-Hugo Alcocer Yamanaka and Marco Franchini
Eng. Proc. 2024, 69(1), 149; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024069149 - 19 Sep 2024
Abstract
Understanding the residential end uses of water is helpful for the sustainable management of water resources and the implementation of water conservation strategies. In this study, over one hundred studies were systematically reviewed to provide a comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art research on
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Understanding the residential end uses of water is helpful for the sustainable management of water resources and the implementation of water conservation strategies. In this study, over one hundred studies were systematically reviewed to provide a comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art research on end-use water consumption. Each study was reviewed, clustered, and subjected to a multilevel analysis aimed at quantitatively comparing the characteristics of the end uses of water available in the literature. The findings of this work support water utilities, researchers, policy makers, and consumers in identifying the key aspects of water end uses and exploring their main features across different geographical, socioeconomic, and cultural regions of the world.
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(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 3rd International Joint Conference on Water Distribution Systems Analysis & Computing and Control for the Water Industry (WDSA/CCWI 2024))
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Open AccessProceeding Paper
Pseudomonas aeruginosa Interactions with Drinking Water Biofilm after an Acute Spike in Annular Bioreactors—Attachment, Persistence, Release, and Reattachment
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Dominic Quinn, Erifyli Tsagkari, Dinesh S. Bhandari, Katherine Fish, Siming You, William T. Sloan, Joby Boxall and Cindy J. Smith
Eng. Proc. 2024, 69(1), 148; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024069148 - 19 Sep 2024
Abstract
The potential of DWDS pipewall biofilms to shelter and propagate opportunistic pathogens is currently poorly understood. Here, we use an annular biofilm reactor approach to quantify the fate of the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa when introduced to a simulated DWDS environment. We found
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The potential of DWDS pipewall biofilms to shelter and propagate opportunistic pathogens is currently poorly understood. Here, we use an annular biofilm reactor approach to quantify the fate of the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa when introduced to a simulated DWDS environment. We found that P. aeruginosa was capable of swift attachment to surfaces and able to persist for up to 14 days under shear stress conditions. Further, we demonstrate that P. aeruginosa is capable of detachment/reattachment and mobilisation through the bulk water, potentially acting as a source of inoculum to drinking water.
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(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 3rd International Joint Conference on Water Distribution Systems Analysis & Computing and Control for the Water Industry (WDSA/CCWI 2024))
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Open AccessProceeding Paper
Using Digital Pictures to Enhance Students’ Chinese Writing Skills
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Mei Rianto Chandra
Eng. Proc. 2024, 74(1), 64; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024074064 - 19 Sep 2024
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In the past, it was not uncommon to take one image to represent an essay’s contents. When writing an essay, an image is invariably formed in the mind. Using a qualitative descriptive method, a relationship between the number of digital images in the
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In the past, it was not uncommon to take one image to represent an essay’s contents. When writing an essay, an image is invariably formed in the mind. Using a qualitative descriptive method, a relationship between the number of digital images in the essay and the utilization of the essay was researched for 55 students. The results showed that the number of pictures was proportional to the number of words and the flow of the story in an essay but inversely proportional to the student’s mastery of grammar skills. Such results provide a reference for teachers to pay attention to teaching grammar to use digital images in an essay.
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Open AccessProceeding Paper
Design and Fabrication of Heterojunctions of Thiosemicarbazones and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles in Search of Their Medicinal Activity
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Ekhlakh Veg, Seema Joshi and Tahmeena Khan
Eng. Proc. 2024, 67(1), 46; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024067046 - 19 Sep 2024
Abstract
Thiosemicarbazone (TSC) derivatives and their complexes have emerged as versatile medicinal agents. Now, the focus has shifted to targeted drug delivery and here, the application of nanotechnology is being explored. Nanoparticles (NP) are being explored owing to their tremendous medicinal applications. They are
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Thiosemicarbazone (TSC) derivatives and their complexes have emerged as versatile medicinal agents. Now, the focus has shifted to targeted drug delivery and here, the application of nanotechnology is being explored. Nanoparticles (NP) are being explored owing to their tremendous medicinal applications. They are also known to overcome the water insolubility of medicinal agents and have the ability to target specific targets. This article aims to explore the fabrication strategies and applications of functionalized TSCs conjugated with NPs for improved therapeutic potential. The studies were taken from the recent literature and indexed in leading databases. The literature survey reveals the fabrication of TSCs with chitosan-coated superparamagnetic magnetite NPs, which showed significant anti-proliferative activity against several cell lines. Similarly, cobalt oxide nanoparticles conjugated with TSCs have been tested against the hepatic cancer cell line HepG2. Other than anticancer activity, the functionalized nanoparticles have also been employed against drug-resistant pathogens. To improve the oral bioavailability and pharmacological activity, nanoparticle-based block polymers have been proposed to encapsulate the TSC moiety. The in vitro activity of the fabricated NPs has been tested against Leishmania amazonensis. Against microphages, less cytotoxicity was observed. The article may shed light on the structure–bioactivity relationship of novel nanocomposites derived from TSCs and NPs and their specific mechanisms of action.
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(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 3rd International Electronic Conference on Processes)
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