Engineering Proceedings

4 pages, 7543 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Dynamic Evaluation of Sewer Capacity for Street Flow Modelling During Urban Pluvial Floods

by Aurora Gullotta, Leonardo Bayas-Jiménez and Alberto Campisano

Eng. Proc. 2026, 135(1), 31; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2026135031 - 29 May 2026

This study introduces a modelling framework for representing surface runoff along urban streets during intense rainfall events. The approach incorporates a dynamic assessment of sewer system capacity, obtained through dedicated simulations that capture its temporal variability during flooding. A one-dimensional sewer model is [...] Read more.

This study introduces a modelling framework for representing surface runoff along urban streets during intense rainfall events. The approach incorporates a dynamic assessment of sewer system capacity, obtained through dedicated simulations that capture its temporal variability during flooding. A one-dimensional sewer model is first used to quantify the volume of rainfall effectively conveyed by the drainage network; these results are then used to construct a reduced hyetograph, which serves as input for a one-dimensional street-flow model. The methodology was applied to a flood-prone urban catchment in southern Italy and calibrated and validated using field observations, including direct measurements and video-derived flow estimates. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of II International Conference on Challenges and Perspectives in Urban Water Management Systems (CSDU-CSSI DAYS 25))

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19630 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Design and Development of Bio-Polyurethane Production System Experimental Apparatus

by Hendi Saryanto and Anika Zafiah M. Rus

Eng. Proc. 2026, 137(1), 15; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2026137015 (registering DOI) - 29 May 2026

Abstract

This study presents a green-intensified system for the production of bio-based polyurethane foam using waste cooking oil (WCO) as the primary polyol source. The experimental setup was specifically designed to apply the concept of green intensification by integrating cavitation energy generated through ultrasonic [...] Read more.

This study presents a green-intensified system for the production of bio-based polyurethane foam using waste cooking oil (WCO) as the primary polyol source. The experimental setup was specifically designed to apply the concept of green intensification by integrating cavitation energy generated through ultrasonic irradiation with a high-shear mixing system. This hybrid approach facilitates the effective mixing of WCO-based bio-polyol with isocyanate, enhancing the reaction during foam formation. An ultrasonic atomizer was employed to convert water into a fine mist, which was then introduced into the reaction mixture using a controlled air blower. The misted water serves as an eco-friendly blowing agent, improving its dispersion within the polyol matrix. The results indicate that this method prolongs gel time, suggesting a more controlled and gradual blowing reaction. Furthermore, the combined use of ultrasonic irradiation and high-shear mixing significantly reduced foam density and produced a finer, more uniform cellular structure. These findings demonstrate that ultrasonic-assisted misting and emulsification not only enhance process efficiency but also contribute to the environmentally sustainable synthesis of bio-polyurethane foam. Full article

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10 pages, 1570 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Circular Design as a Key Strategy to Cut Embodied Energy: A Digital AI Tool to Support Materials and Data Exchange for a Sustainable Built Environment

by Gabriele Rossini, Paola Altamura and Serena Baiani

Eng. Proc. 2026, 138(1), 8; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2026138008 (registering DOI) - 29 May 2026

Abstract

The NPRR research project “From waste to manufacturing” developed an AI-powered digital tool to support the transition towards a circular built environment in Italy. The tool integrates a web platform enabling data exchange about materials with recycled content between designers, manufacturers and waste [...] Read more.

The NPRR research project “From waste to manufacturing” developed an AI-powered digital tool to support the transition towards a circular built environment in Italy. The tool integrates a web platform enabling data exchange about materials with recycled content between designers, manufacturers and waste recyclers, with a CAD plug-in for real-time sustainability assessment. As such, the tool fosters the use of recycled materials and allows a reduction in embodied energy. AI, trained through scenario-based learning and stakeholder participation, assists designers in sourcing recycled materials and processing data. With further training by LCA experts, it could interpret Environmental Product Declarations to guide material selection in line with international regulations. Full article

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11 pages, 1441 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

The Challenges in Extending Engine Performance Modeling for Highly Integrated Transport Aircraft

by Yiwen Yuan, Niraj Iyer, Stephan Staudacher and Jens Friedrichs

Eng. Proc. 2026, 133(1), 181; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2026133181 (registering DOI) - 28 May 2026

Abstract

The utilization of boundary layer ingestion in combination with a turbofan engine with an ultra-high bypass ratio is regarded as one of the possible solutions to increase the energy efficiency of the aircraft as a complete system. However, this concept inevitably leads to [...] Read more.

The utilization of boundary layer ingestion in combination with a turbofan engine with an ultra-high bypass ratio is regarded as one of the possible solutions to increase the energy efficiency of the aircraft as a complete system. However, this concept inevitably leads to strong coupling between the external aircraft flow and engine internal flow, associated with an increased degree of flow non-uniformity. As a consequence, the engine components experience changed matching, and their performance is dependent on the engine power settings, aircraft design and flight conditions. All of these installation effects are reflected in engine performance modeling, which can enable reliable engine performance assessment. In this context, this article investigates the sensitivity of such engines and discusses possible approaches and preliminary ideas in extending engine performance modeling. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 15th EASN International Conference on “Innovation in Aviation & Space Towards Sustainability Today & Tomorrow”)

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8 pages, 3141 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Operational Modal Analysis of the International Space Station via Fast and Relaxed Vector Fitting

by Marina Cózar Alcázar, Gabriele Dessena, Marco Civera and Oscar E. Bonilla-Manrique

Eng. Proc. 2026, 133(1), 180; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2026133180 - 28 May 2026

Abstract

Recent aerospace safety requirements have increased the demand for reliable structural damage detection. This work presents an output-only operational modal analysis approach that combines the Natural Excitation Technique (NExT) with the Fast and Relaxed Vector Fitting (FRVF) algorithm. The method is validated numerically [...] Read more.

Recent aerospace safety requirements have increased the demand for reliable structural damage detection. This work presents an output-only operational modal analysis approach that combines the Natural Excitation Technique (NExT) with the Fast and Relaxed Vector Fitting (FRVF) algorithm. The method is validated numerically on a beam model against analytical solutions, and the NExT–ERA (Eigensystem Realization Algorithm) technique results, as well as experimentally using acceleration data from the Space Acceleration Measurement System of the International Space Station. NExT-FRVF achieves comparable modal identification to NExT–ERA, with repeated detection confirming mode reliability in both experimental and numerical systems. Additionally, the proposed method can correctly identify higher frequencies, not correctly detected by existing methods, like NExT-ERA, as shown in the numerical case study. The approach shows strong robustness under noise and adaptable fitting, making it an effective tool for monitoring aerospace structures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 15th EASN International Conference on “Innovation in Aviation & Space Towards Sustainability Today & Tomorrow”)

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8 pages, 232 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Frequency Response of Voltage Transformers for Harmonic Measurement in South African Renewable Grids

by Suline Engelbrecht and Jan A. de Kock

Eng. Proc. 2026, 140(1), 41; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2026140041 - 28 May 2026

Abstract

Voltage transformers (VTs) are part of the power quality (PQ) measurement system in renewable energy installations where harmonic distortion (HD) exists. Although they are designed for fundamental-frequency operation, VTs exhibit frequency-dependent behaviour that causes ratio and phase errors at harmonic frequencies. These errors [...] Read more.

Voltage transformers (VTs) are part of the power quality (PQ) measurement system in renewable energy installations where harmonic distortion (HD) exists. Although they are designed for fundamental-frequency operation, VTs exhibit frequency-dependent behaviour that causes ratio and phase errors at harmonic frequencies. These errors decrease measurement accuracy and impact compliance verification under South African grid code standards. International standards such as IEC TR 61869-103 and IEEE 519 do not specify harmonic-frequency accuracy classes or correction methods. This paper examines published research on VT frequency response and considers its effects on harmonic measurement in South African renewable networks. The review highlights technical and regulatory challenges that affect the reliability of harmonic measurements and emphasises the need for structured frequency-response testing under local operating conditions. A complementary methodological study addressing this need has been submitted for publication. Full article

9 pages, 2530 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Assessment of Harmonic Distortion Compliance in South African Distribution Networks Under Increasing Penetration of Distributed Energy Resources

by Francis Bennie, Mohamed Khan and Andrew Swanson

Eng. Proc. 2026, 140(1), 40; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2026140040 (registering DOI) - 28 May 2026

Abstract

The increasing penetration of inverter-based distributed energy resources (DERs) within distribution networks has resulted in harmonic distortion risks that can affect transformer thermal loading, service life, and network hosting capacity. This study assesses harmonic behaviour under increasing DER penetration using a detailed MATLAB [...] Read more.

The increasing penetration of inverter-based distributed energy resources (DERs) within distribution networks has resulted in harmonic distortion risks that can affect transformer thermal loading, service life, and network hosting capacity. This study assesses harmonic behaviour under increasing DER penetration using a detailed MATLAB 2025b/Simulink model of the CIGRÉ low-voltage benchmark feeder, adapted to reflect representative network parameters and run at a 400 V point of common coupling (PCC). DER penetration is incrementally increased from 0% to 195% of feeder load, and for each penetration level the PCC currents and voltages are examined using FFT-based spectrum extraction. The short-circuit strength is first calculated (I_SC/I_L = 14.1), and harmonic current and voltage distortion thresholds are benchmarked against IEEE 519:2022 and NRS 048-2:2025 respectively. Results show that while DER inverters introduce increasing odd-order harmonics, mainly the 3rd, 5th, 7th and 11th, the feeder’s moderate short-circuit capacity suppresses PCC voltage distortion, keeping voltage THD below 3% across all scenarios. As the inverter-based DER penetration increases, so does the harmonic current distortion. At 180%, Total Demand Distortion (TDD) nears the IEEE limit of 5%. Full article

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12 pages, 1979 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Evaluation of Optimization Methods for EV and REDG Integration into the Power System Under Various Operational Scenarios

by Mlungisi Ntombela and Musasa Kabeya

Eng. Proc. 2026, 140(1), 39; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2026140039 (registering DOI) - 28 May 2026

Abstract

The exhaustion of fossil fuels, environmental concerns, and difficulties in deploying smart grids have expedited the development of renewable energy distributed generators (REDGs) and electric vehicles (EVs). In recent decades, there has been a notable rise in the production and marketing of EVs. [...] Read more.

The exhaustion of fossil fuels, environmental concerns, and difficulties in deploying smart grids have expedited the development of renewable energy distributed generators (REDGs) and electric vehicles (EVs). In recent decades, there has been a notable rise in the production and marketing of EVs. Previous research has proposed reactive power control solutions, including the use of power electronic converters associated with distributed generators (DGs) to alleviate voltage fluctuations. This research presents a strategy for the best integration of electric vehicles through bidirectional charging and renewable energy distributed generators inside power systems, with the objective of efficiently managing voltage, active power, and reactive power flows at interconnection points. Furthermore, it entails determining appropriate locations and dimensions for electric car charging stations through a comparative examination of computing time and iterations between the Hybrid Genetic Algorithm Improved Particle Swarm Optimization (HGAIPSO) and several other optimization methods, including Genetic Algorithm (GA), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), and Improved Particle Swarm Optimization (IPSO). This analysis was performed on the IEEE-118 bus system, incorporating Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G), Grid-to-Vehicle (G2V), and REDG allocations. The simulation results indicated that the suggested HGAIPSO approach is more rapid and effective regarding calculation time for complex networks, attaining optimal solutions with greater efficiency. Full article

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12 pages, 1884 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Experimental Analysis of Arc Path Behaviour on Polymeric Insulators Under Different Material, Geometric, and Surface Conditions

by Kimishca Naidoo, Afroz Minhas, Salman Minhas and Chandima Gomes

Eng. Proc. 2026, 140(1), 38; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2026140038 - 28 May 2026

Abstract

Understanding how geometry, surface condition, and polarity influence surface flashover is important for improving the reliability of polymeric insulation in high-voltage systems exposed to transient overvoltages. The purpose of this study was to experimentally investigate visible arc path behaviour on polymeric insulators made [...] Read more.

Understanding how geometry, surface condition, and polarity influence surface flashover is important for improving the reliability of polymeric insulation in high-voltage systems exposed to transient overvoltages. The purpose of this study was to experimentally investigate visible arc path behaviour on polymeric insulators made of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and nylon under standard 1.2/50 µs lightning voltage impulses. Cylindrical, concave, and convex profiles were tested in a rod–plane configuration for both positive and negative polarities under clean and sunflower oil- coated surface conditions. Seven arc types were observed. While the visible arc path was governed mainly by geometry and polarity, the electrical breakdown response exhibited material-dependent effects. Positive-polarity oil-coated samples generally exhibited longer time-to-breakdown, while negative-polarity tests produced higher breakdown voltages, and oil often reduced the withstand level. The large variability in time-to-breakdown data indicates that impulse flashover is strongly stochastic and sensitive to small surface or field variations. The findings highlight the need for improving control of surface films, expanding environmental testing, and conducting further modelling to predict flashover behaviour across different insulator designs. Full article

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9 pages, 1855 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

A Modular Assembly Concept for Large-Volume CFRP Hydrogen Tanks for Passenger Aircraft

by Karina Görner, Benjamin Diehl and Simon Kothe

Eng. Proc. 2026, 133(1), 179; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2026133179 - 27 May 2026

Abstract

This paper presents a novel modular assembly concept for large-volume Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastics (CFRP) hydrogen tanks, supporting the aviation sector’s transition toward sustainable propulsion. Adhering to VDI 2221 and 2222 design methodologies, four assembly concepts were developed and then evaluated by Airbus, [...] Read more.

This paper presents a novel modular assembly concept for large-volume Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastics (CFRP) hydrogen tanks, supporting the aviation sector’s transition toward sustainable propulsion. Adhering to VDI 2221 and 2222 design methodologies, four assembly concepts were developed and then evaluated by Airbus, FFT, and Fraunhofer IFAM, to determine the best fit for industrial application. The “Modular Assembly System on Linear Axes” was identified as the best solution, characterized by superior process robustness and efficiency. Utilizing dual linear axes for precise component handling and robotic guidance, this concept ensures structural integrity during joining while offering scalability and seamless integration into existing manufacturing infrastructures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 15th EASN International Conference on “Innovation in Aviation & Space Towards Sustainability Today & Tomorrow”)

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9 pages, 2510 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Multilayer Satellite Constellation Design for Multipurpose Applications

by Mansoor Jamal, Ernestina Cianca, Tommaso Rossi and Mauro De Sanctis

Eng. Proc. 2026, 133(1), 177; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2026133177 - 27 May 2026

Abstract

Low and Medium Earth Orbit (LEO/MEO) satellite constellations have emerged as a compelling architectural paradigm for delivering multipurpose services. In this study, we investigate the joint optimization of communication and positioning performance metrics in a multilayer LEO/MEO constellation equipped with inter-satellite links (ISLs). [...] Read more.

Low and Medium Earth Orbit (LEO/MEO) satellite constellations have emerged as a compelling architectural paradigm for delivering multipurpose services. In this study, we investigate the joint optimization of communication and positioning performance metrics in a multilayer LEO/MEO constellation equipped with inter-satellite links (ISLs). A genetic algorithm framework is employed to optimize key constellation design variables, including the number of satellites per orbital plane, the number of planes, and the inter-plane phase offsets across layers, to minimize end-to-end user latency and Geometric Dilution of Precision (GDOP), subject to coverage and total satellite count constraints. Numerical results highlight the trade-offs among different architectural options. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 15th EASN International Conference on “Innovation in Aviation & Space Towards Sustainability Today & Tomorrow”)

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11 pages, 874 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Optimal Tuning of PSS and HVDC MSDC Damping Controllers to Reduce Control Interactions

by Righteous Vengesai, John van Coller and Chandima Gomes

Eng. Proc. 2026, 140(1), 37; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2026140037 (registering DOI) - 27 May 2026

Abstract

This paper presents a measurement-based framework for studying and mitigating control interactions between power system stabilizers (PSSs) and HVDC modulation damping controllers in hybrid AC/DC systems. Using frequency-response data obtained from small-signal injections, the method embeds driving-point and transfer impedance directly into the [...] Read more.

This paper presents a measurement-based framework for studying and mitigating control interactions between power system stabilizers (PSSs) and HVDC modulation damping controllers in hybrid AC/DC systems. Using frequency-response data obtained from small-signal injections, the method embeds driving-point and transfer impedance directly into the control loops, eliminating reliance on simplified analytical models. A lightweight optimizer adjusts controller gains and lead–lag angles to enhance damping at the inter-area mode while ensuring HVDC-to-PSS dominance, magnitude-crossing consistency, and a minimum damping margin across the 0.3–1.5 Hz band. The approach, implemented in ETAP 16.0 and MATLAB R2024a (MathWorks, Natick, MA, USA), successfully improves damping and maintains stability under all tested conditions, providing a practical co-design strategy for coordinated PSS–HVDC control in weakly interconnected networks. Full article

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12 pages, 1092 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

A Nyquist-Based Method of Studying Control Interactions Between PSS and HVDC MSDC Damping Controllers

by Righteous Vengesai, John van Coller and Chandima Gomes

Eng. Proc. 2026, 140(1), 36; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2026140036 - 27 May 2026

Abstract

This paper presents a Nyquist-based method for assessing control interactions between a Power System Stabilizer (PSS) and an HVDC Modulation Supplementary Damping Controller (MSDC) in hybrid AC/DC networks. Loop-at-a-time perturbations are applied to reveal how one controller deforms the other’s Nyquist contour, directly [...] Read more.

This paper presents a Nyquist-based method for assessing control interactions between a Power System Stabilizer (PSS) and an HVDC Modulation Supplementary Damping Controller (MSDC) in hybrid AC/DC networks. Loop-at-a-time perturbations are applied to reveal how one controller deforms the other’s Nyquist contour, directly exposing frequency-dependent coupling. A spectral-radius margin is introduced as a quantitative robustness indicator. Reduced-order transfer functions identified using the Matrix Pencil Method enable accurate frequency-response analysis from transient-stability data. Application to Kundur’s two-area system with an embedded LCC–HVDC link demonstrates that the method clearly exposes controller dominance, interaction severity, and gain-sensitivity effects. The proposed framework thus provides a practical and measurement-compatible means for visualizing and coordinating damping controllers in weak hybrid AC/DC networks. Full article

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9 pages, 1103 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Experimental Comparison of PI and PID for Field Excitation in a Synchronous Condenser

by Lindokuhle Madlala, Kumeshan Reddy and Enock Chekure

Eng. Proc. 2026, 140(1), 35; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2026140035 - 27 May 2026

Abstract

This paper presents an experimental comparison of proportional–integral (PI) and proportional–integral–derivative (PID) controllers for excitation regulation in a 1.5 kW synchronous condenser. The excitation current was controlled using a PWM-based converter driven by an ESP32 microcontroller, with reactive power feedback. Both controllers were [...] Read more.

This paper presents an experimental comparison of proportional–integral (PI) and proportional–integral–derivative (PID) controllers for excitation regulation in a 1.5 kW synchronous condenser. The excitation current was controlled using a PWM-based converter driven by an ESP32 microcontroller, with reactive power feedback. Both controllers were tested across multiple reactive power setpoints to evaluate settling time and steady-state accuracy performance. The results show that both achieved steady-state errors within ±5% of the reference. The PI controller provided faster settling, while the PID controller offered smoother but slower responses due to feedback bandwidth limitations. The findings confirm that PI control is an effective and low-computational-cost solution for embedded excitation systems. Full article

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9 pages, 658 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Absorption-Based Laser Mass Flow Meter for Iodine-Fed Electric Propulsion: Design and Experiments

by Carla Guidi, Manuel Martín Saravia, Delfina Pieroni, Luca Bernazzani, Fabrizio Paganucci, Nils Gerrit Kottke, Marco Mugnaini, Enza Panzardi and Alessio Ceccarini

Eng. Proc. 2026, 133(1), 176; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2026133176 - 26 May 2026

Abstract

In electric propulsion for space applications, searching for alternative propellants is increasingly important due to limited resources and economic considerations. Among the candidates, iodine has emerged as promising thanks to its favorable chemical and physical properties for propulsion and its lower cost and [...] Read more.

In electric propulsion for space applications, searching for alternative propellants is increasingly important due to limited resources and economic considerations. Among the candidates, iodine has emerged as promising thanks to its favorable chemical and physical properties for propulsion and its lower cost and simpler storage compared with xenon. However, its corrosive behavior is a drawback, as iodine reacts with many aerospace materials, and its condensable nature prevents using propellant management systems like those for noble gases. At the University of Pisa, activities on fluidics for iodine-fed electric propulsion systems and material compatibility studies led to the development of a mass flowmeter within the “iFACT-MP” Horizon EU project. The device is a spectrophotometric flow meter measuring instantaneous mass flow through a cell in series with the iodine feeding line, upstream of a thermal throttle. A beam splitter directs part of the light to a reference photodiode to compensate for laser intensity variations. Temperature and absorption measurements allow inferring iodine pressure in the cell, while the thermal throttle ensures sonic conditions, enabling correlation with instantaneous mass flow. The mass flow meter shows good behavior and repeatability, especially at low mass flow rates. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 15th EASN International Conference on “Innovation in Aviation & Space Towards Sustainability Today & Tomorrow”)

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9 pages, 1781 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Proof of Concept of Radars for UAM/IAM Applications

by Juan Felipe González-Pardo, Pablo Carrascosa-Egido and Juan V. Balbastre

Eng. Proc. 2026, 133(1), 175; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2026133175 - 26 May 2026

Abstract

The increasing use of Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) in civil applications has accelerated the development of new Air Traffic Management (ATM) frameworks to ensure the safe and efficient operation. Onboard technology, such as Detect and Avoid (DAA) systems, have been proposed as an [...] Read more.

The increasing use of Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) in civil applications has accelerated the development of new Air Traffic Management (ATM) frameworks to ensure the safe and efficient operation. Onboard technology, such as Detect and Avoid (DAA) systems, have been proposed as an alternative to reduce operational risk to acceptable levels. However, these technologies require preliminary validation to meet current regulatory standards, which define the Minimum Operational Performance (MOP). In this work, we propose the architecture of two DAA systems based on frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) radars operating in the radiolocalization bands at 9.5 GHz and 24 GHz. The performance of both onboard systems was validated through the probability of detection

P_{d}

for different intruder categories, meeting the MOP in accordance with the RTCA DO-366A, DO-396, and ASTM F3442 standards. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 15th EASN International Conference on “Innovation in Aviation & Space Towards Sustainability Today & Tomorrow”)

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9 pages, 1825 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Modeling Comparison of a Two-Phase Mechanically Pumped Loop with a Conventional Ethylene Glycol Water Single-Phase Mechanically Pumped Loop for Fuel-Cell Cooling in TheMa4HERA

by Tim A. F. van de Weijer, Johannes van Es, Henk Jan van Gerner, Arne K. te Nijenhuis, Julian Biesheuvel, Guilhem Delpu, Fatima Cherdouh, Esli Trejo Peimbert, Ricardo Abib Gantus, Pierre Trolliet, Guillaume Galzin and Laurent Labaste Mauhe

Eng. Proc. 2026, 133(1), 173; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2026133173 - 26 May 2026

Abstract

The fuel-cell (FC) technology currently being considered to reduce aircraft greenhouse gas emissions may require large and heavy cooling systems. The paper introduces the two-phase (2

Φ

) Mechanically Pumped Loop (MPL) for FC cooling and compares it numerically with the conventional Ethylene [...] Read more.

The fuel-cell (FC) technology currently being considered to reduce aircraft greenhouse gas emissions may require large and heavy cooling systems. The paper introduces the two-phase (2

Φ

) Mechanically Pumped Loop (MPL) for FC cooling and compares it numerically with the conventional Ethylene Glycol Water (EGW) single-phase (1

Φ

) cooling system for a

1.2

MW heat-dissipation load. Considering an operating temperature of 90 °C, the system mass of the 2

Φ

MPL with and without an accumulator is found to be, respectively, 33% and 64% lower than the EGW system. Furthermore, the frontal area of the ram air heat exchanger (HX) was found to be 19% smaller, reducing ram air drag. An increase of the operating temperature to 130 °C was found to reduce the cooling system mass by 21% for the 1

Φ

MPL, and 22 to 29% for the 2

Φ

MPL. The frontal area of the ram air HX was found to be reduced by 44% and 40% for the 1

Φ

and 2

Φ

MPL, respectively. These results demonstrate the considerable performance gain of the 2

Φ

MPL over the 1

Φ

MPL for FC cooling, and the benefits of increasing the operating temperature for the cooling system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 15th EASN International Conference on “Innovation in Aviation & Space Towards Sustainability Today & Tomorrow”)

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10 pages, 907 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Priority-Scored Power-Quality Monitoring with Harmonic Health Indices and Event Durations in a Legislative Complex

by Nino Louie R. Boloron, Danica P. Lozarito, Bryan Jhones L. Macahilos, Cleifford S. Alfarero and Arman T. Gascon

Eng. Proc. 2026, 134(1), 98; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2026134098 - 26 May 2026

Abstract

Reliable operation of public facilities depends on continuous power-quality (PQ) monitoring and timely triage of anomalies that can compromise voltage stability, equipment life, and safety. We developed an analytical method for a legislative complex that fuses harmonic-based health indices with event persistence and [...] Read more.

Reliable operation of public facilities depends on continuous power-quality (PQ) monitoring and timely triage of anomalies that can compromise voltage stability, equipment life, and safety. We developed an analytical method for a legislative complex that fuses harmonic-based health indices with event persistence and a transparent priority score to rank PQ alarms in near real time. Feeder-level interval and harmonic measurements were collected from the Legislative Building (LB) of a Philippine municipal complex. A rolling, outlier-robust PQ index was constructed, and disturbances were detected using an unsupervised Isolation Forest algorithm. Point anomalies were subsequently consolidated into multi-sample events. Each event was scored according to a severity × duration × criticality rule to support dispatch decisions. On a one-week dataset comprising 2009 five-minute samples across six channels, the method flagged 41 anomalous points (2.0% of samples), which were consolidated into seven events when a 30 min guard band was applied. One dominant disturbance, lasting 2.25 h and reaching a maximum index of 8.91, had the highest composite priority score (20.05), while shorter or less severe excursions received lower scores. The method yields operator-ready artifacts, including ranked tables and summary plots, while remaining simple, explainable, and consistent with established PQ guidance. This makes it suitable for incremental deployment in public-sector buildings where resources for advanced analytics are limited. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 7th Eurasia Conference on IoT, Communication and Engineering 2025 (ECICE 2025))

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13 pages, 5300 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Intelligent and Adaptive Islanding Detection in Microgrids with Battery-Supercapacitor Hybrid Energy Storage

by Ernest Igbineweka and Sunetra Chowdhury

Eng. Proc. 2026, 140(1), 34; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2026140034 - 26 May 2026

Abstract

This paper presents the design and validation of an adaptive islanding detection method (AIDM) for an AC/DC hybrid microgrid integrated with a hybrid energy storage system (HESS) comprising a supercapacitor and a battery. The proposed AIDM combines dual-tree complex wavelet transform (DTCWT), synthetic [...] Read more.

This paper presents the design and validation of an adaptive islanding detection method (AIDM) for an AC/DC hybrid microgrid integrated with a hybrid energy storage system (HESS) comprising a supercapacitor and a battery. The proposed AIDM combines dual-tree complex wavelet transform (DTCWT), synthetic minority oversampling technique (SMOTE), and long short-term memory (LSTM) network to effectively detect islanding and non-islanding conditions in the microgrid following faults/disturbances. Fault and disturbance signals are captured at the point of common coupling, following which they are extracted and decomposed using DTCWT. The SMOTE algorithm is employed for data preprocessing to balance the dataset and enhance the accuracy of the intelligent classifier. Finally, LSTM is used for training and testing the AIDM for different faults/disturbance classification and detection. Two categories of datasets,

T_{D 1}

and

T_{D 2}

, are used for testing the AIDM. The results obtained from MATLAB/Simulink show that datasets incorporated with HESS achieve higher detection accuracy of 100% compared to datasets without HESS with average accuracy of 99.77% under sudden load increase. It is also established that the proposed AIDM maintains robustness when exposed to noise signals, confirming its reliability under noisy conditions. Full article

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Journal Description

Engineering Proceedings

Vol. 135

CSDU-CSSI DAYS 25

Vol. 134

ECICE 2025

Vol. 133

EASN 2025

Vol. 130

GCMM 2025

Vol. 129

ECBIOS 2025

Vol. 128

IEEE ICCBE 2025

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