Investigation of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.)–Insect Pollinator Interactions Aiming to Increase Cowpea Yield and Define New Breeding Tools
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Plant Material and Experimental Design
2.2. Growth Conditions
2.3. Floral Traits
2.4. Yield Related Traits
2.5. Pollinators Record and Investigation of Inter-Crossing
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Flower Traits
3.2. Yield Related Traits
3.3. Pollinators Record
3.4. Floral Traits Relation with Pollinators Abundance and Foraging Activity
3.5. Pollinators Abundance and Foraging Activity Relation to Yield
4. Discussion
4.1. Plant Traits
4.2. Pollinators Observations
4.3. Floral Traits Relation with Pollinators Abundance and Foraging Activity
4.4. Pollinators Abundance and Foraging Activity in Relation to Yield
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Accession | Breeding Status | Country of Origin | Flower Color | Raceme Position | Seed Coat Color and Eye Color |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
IT97K-499-35 | Breeding line | Nigeria | White with purple pigmentation and a red tip on the back of the standard petal | Mostly above the canopy | White with black eye |
VG2 | Landrace | Greece | White | On the upper canopy surface | White/cream |
VG21 | Landrace | Greece | Violet | Mostly above the canopy | Brown |
Vg60 | Landrace | Portugal | White with purple pigmentation | Mostly above the canopy | Cream with brown eye |
BGE038478 | Landrace | Spain | Violet | Throughout canopy | Brown/beige |
BGE038479 | Landrace | Spain | Light Violet | Throughout canopy | Brown/red |
Accessions | Days to Flowering from Sowing (DFL) | Days to the Last Flower Open (DLFL) | Duration of Flowering (FDUR) |
---|---|---|---|
IT97K-499-35 | 74.94 ± 2.29 b | 104.62 ± 2.29 a | 29.68 ± 1.62 a |
CV% | 17.81 | 12.74 | 31.91 |
VG2 | 55.64 ± 0.72 c | 71.18 ± 0.92 c | 15.20 ± 1.16 c |
CV% | 7.37 | 8.00 | 48.46 |
VG21 | 57.62 ± 1.09 c | 82.53 ± 1.93 b | 22.35 ± 1.86 b |
CV% | 11.49 | 14.77 | 52.54 |
Vg60 | 55.23 ± 1.39 c | 79.00 ± 1.54 b | 22.78 ± 2.16 ab |
CV% | 15.92 | 12.37 | 57.36 |
BGE038478 | 85.15 ± 1.34 a | 103.80 ± 1.26 a | 18.65 ± 0.73 bc |
CV% | 9.99 | 7.69 | 24.90 |
BGE038479 | 82.80 ± 1.95 a | 103.85 ± 1.68 a | 21.05 ± 1.29 bc |
CV% | 14.93 | 10.21 | 38.71 |
Level of significance | *** | *** | *** |
Accessions | Fresh Pod Weight (g) | Yield (kg ha−1) |
---|---|---|
IT97K-499-35 | 3.98 ± 0.16 a | 887.43 ± 82.23 a |
CV% | 18.12 | 79.99 |
VG2 | 2.41 ± 0.13 b | 598.76 ± 62.30 b |
CV% | 24.11 | 65.81 |
VG21 | 2.50 ± 0.19 b | 560.47 ± 57.94 b |
CV% | 33.78 | 65.39 |
Vg60 | 2.19 ± 0.17 b | 552.37 ± 62.98 b |
CV% | 34.72 | 72.11 |
BGE038478 | 1.96 ± 0.18 b | 543.24 ± 45.29 b |
CV% | 40.83 | 52.74 |
BGE038479 | 2.24 ± 0.13 b | 525.49 ± 53.01 b |
CV% | 25.28 | 63.79 |
Level of significance | *** | *** |
Accessions | Pollinators Abundance | Pollinators Foraging Activity |
---|---|---|
IT97K-499-35 | 1.00 ± 0.01 c | 1.00 ± 0.01 b |
CV% | 10.00 | 10.00 |
VG2 | 1.63 ± 0.17 ab | 2.13 ± 0.29 a |
CV% | 50.72 | 67.00 |
VG21 | 1.70 ± 0.10 a | 2.03 ± 0.20 ab |
CV% | 34.50 | 55.73 |
Vg60 | 1.19 ± 0.08 bc | 1.46 ± 0.14 ab |
CV% | 33.71 | 48.31 |
BGE038478 | 1.05 ± 0.05 c | 1.20 ± 0.09 b |
CV% | 21.30 | 34.20 |
BGE038479 | 1.46 ± 0.12 abc | 2.04 ± 0.23 ab |
CV% | 40.34 | 54.96 |
Level of significance | *** | ** |
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Lazaridi, E.; Suso, M.J.; Ortiz-Sánchez, F.J.; Bebeli, P.J. Investigation of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.)–Insect Pollinator Interactions Aiming to Increase Cowpea Yield and Define New Breeding Tools. Ecologies 2023, 4, 124-140. https://doi.org/10.3390/ecologies4010010
Lazaridi E, Suso MJ, Ortiz-Sánchez FJ, Bebeli PJ. Investigation of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.)–Insect Pollinator Interactions Aiming to Increase Cowpea Yield and Define New Breeding Tools. Ecologies. 2023; 4(1):124-140. https://doi.org/10.3390/ecologies4010010
Chicago/Turabian StyleLazaridi, Efstathia, María J. Suso, F. Javier Ortiz-Sánchez, and Penelope J. Bebeli. 2023. "Investigation of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.)–Insect Pollinator Interactions Aiming to Increase Cowpea Yield and Define New Breeding Tools" Ecologies 4, no. 1: 124-140. https://doi.org/10.3390/ecologies4010010