A Facile Method Using a Flux to Improve Quantum Efficiency of Submicron Particle Sized Phosphors for Solid-State Lighting Applications
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Procedure
2.1. Reagents
2.2. Preparation of Ca0.94Eu0.06MgSi2O6 with and without a Flux
2.3. Characterization
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Crystal Structure and Lattice Parameters
3.2. Scanning Electron Microscopy and Dynamic Lighting Scattering Analysis
3.3. Photoluminescence Spectra and Quantum Efficiency
3.4. Effect of High Concentration of NH4Cl
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Flux/Tm/Tb (°C) | Phosphor Composition | Synthesis Method | Annealing Temperature (°C) | Results | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
CaF2/1418/2533 | (Ca0.99Ce0.01)3Sc2Si3O12 | Solid state reaction | 1100–1450 | Reduced impurities, decreased formation temperature, no reported crystallite size and Φ, emission intensity increased 2×, narrow particles distribution, removed flux by sublimation after reaction | [13] |
BaF2/1368/2260 | Y2.965Ce0.035Al5O12 | Spray pyrolysis | 1300–1600 | Enlarged, regular morphology, and non-aggregated particles, no reported crystallite size and Φ, emission intensity increased 1.4× | [18] |
Y2.95Ce0.05Al5O12 | Solid state reaction | 1000–1500 | Able to reduce annealing temperature BaAl2O4, byproduct from BaF2 Spherical shape and smooth surface Φ external) increased 1.3× over commercial sample | [7] | |
Ba0.85Eu0.15Si3Al3O4N5 | Solid state reaction | 1550 | Enlarged crystallite size (no specific number) and particles size, narrow particles distribution, emission intensity increased slightly, no reported Φ | [14] | |
Ca0.99Ce0.01Sc2O4 | Solid state reaction | 1550 and 1450 | Φ external) increased 1.1×, no reported crystallite size, enlarged and regular particles | [8] | |
LiF/845/1673 | Ba0.9Eu0.1Mg0.98Mn0.02Al10O17 | Molten salt synthesis | 1100–1400 | Particles size enlarged, Li+ into the host lattice analyzed by lattice parameter, no report crystallite size from XRD, no reported Φ, emission intensity increased 2× | [15] |
NaF/993/1695 | Lu2.925Ce0.075Al4.79Si0.21O11.79N0.21 | Solid state reaction | 1500 | Emission intensity increased 1.3×, regular morphology of particles, no report crystallite size and Φ | [16] |
NaF/993/1695 LiF/845/1675 H3BO3/171/300 NH4F/100/decomposes | Y1.55Eu0.45Ti2O7 | Solid state reaction | 1350 | Crystallite size enlarged (no specific number), emission intensity increased 11× (NaF), 9× (LiF), 5× (H3BO3), 2.5× (NH4F), 39% of Φ (NaF), no reported Φ without flux, enlarged particles size | [9] |
NH4Cl/338/decomposes | Ba1.488Sr0.5Eu0.012SiO4 | Spray pyrolysis | 900–1400 | Enlarged particles, enlarged crystallite size (no specific number), no reported Φ, emission intensity increased 1.3×, optimum annealing temperature decreased | [19] |
K2CO3/891/decomposes | Ca0.68Eu0.12Mg0.2SiO3 | Co-precipitation | 1200 | Charge compensation, crystallite size increased 1.1×, Φ increased 2.5×, no phase composition change, no reported particles size | [20] |
Li2CO3/734/1310 | (Sr0.92Eu0.08)8Al12O24S2 | Solid state reaction | 900 | Improved purity, but still impurities remained. No report crystallite size and Φ | [17] |
SrCl2/874/1250 | Sr1.56Eu0.04Ba0.4SiO4 | Combustion | 800–950 | Crystallite size increased (no specific number), emission intensity increased 2.7×, no reported Φ, similar particles size | [21] |
Flux | Melting Point (°C) | Boiling Point (°C) |
---|---|---|
NH4F | 100 | Decomposition * |
NH4Cl | 338 | Decomposition ** |
H3BO3 | 171 | 300 *** |
wt.% Flux | NH4F (mol.%) | NH4Cl (mol.%) | H3BO3 (mol.%) |
---|---|---|---|
2 | 12 | 8 | 7 |
6 | 28 | 22 | 19 |
10 | 40 | 31 | 28 |
Ions | 4-Coordinated | 6-Coordinated | 8-Coordinated |
---|---|---|---|
Ca2+ | - | - | 0.112 |
Mg2+ | - | 0.072 | - |
Si4+ | 0.026 | - | - |
O2− | 0.138 | 0.140 | 0.142 |
B3+ | 0.011 | 0.027 | - |
F− | 0.131 | 0.133 | - |
Cl− | - | 0.181 | - |
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Ha, J.; Novitskaya, E.; Hirata, G.A.; Zhou, C.; Ridley, R.E.; Graeve, O.A.; McKittrick, J. A Facile Method Using a Flux to Improve Quantum Efficiency of Submicron Particle Sized Phosphors for Solid-State Lighting Applications. Ceramics 2018, 1, 38-53. https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics1010005
Ha J, Novitskaya E, Hirata GA, Zhou C, Ridley RE, Graeve OA, McKittrick J. A Facile Method Using a Flux to Improve Quantum Efficiency of Submicron Particle Sized Phosphors for Solid-State Lighting Applications. Ceramics. 2018; 1(1):38-53. https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics1010005
Chicago/Turabian StyleHa, Jungmin, Ekaterina Novitskaya, Gustavo A. Hirata, Chenhui Zhou, Robyn E. Ridley, Olivia A. Graeve, and Joanna McKittrick. 2018. "A Facile Method Using a Flux to Improve Quantum Efficiency of Submicron Particle Sized Phosphors for Solid-State Lighting Applications" Ceramics 1, no. 1: 38-53. https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics1010005