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High-Throughput
Volume 8
Issue 1
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High-Throughput, Volume 8, Issue 1 (March 2019) – 6 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): The reaction products of electrophiles in vivo can be measured as adducts to the abundant proteins, hemoglobin (Hb), and human serum albumin (HSA), in human blood samples. During the last decade, methods for untargeted screening of such adducts, called “adductomics”, have used liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to detect large numbers of previously unknown Hb and HSA adducts. This review presents methodologies that were developed and used in our laboratories for Hb and HSA adductomics, respectively. We discuss critical aspects regarding choice of target protein, sample preparation, mass spectrometry, data evaluation, and strategies for identification of detected unknown adducts. View this paper.
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18 pages, 1606 KiB  
Review
Protein Adductomics: Methodologies for Untargeted Screening of Adducts to Serum Albumin and Hemoglobin in Human Blood Samples
by Henrik Carlsson, Stephen M. Rappaport and Margareta Törnqvist
High-Throughput 2019, 8(1), 6; https://doi.org/10.3390/ht8010006 - 08 Mar 2019
Cited by 40 | Viewed by 6814
Abstract
The reaction products of electrophiles in vivo can be measured as adducts to the abundant proteins, hemoglobin (Hb), and human serum albumin (HSA), in human blood samples. During the last decade, methods for untargeted screening of such adducts, called “adductomics”, have used liquid [...] Read more.
The reaction products of electrophiles in vivo can be measured as adducts to the abundant proteins, hemoglobin (Hb), and human serum albumin (HSA), in human blood samples. During the last decade, methods for untargeted screening of such adducts, called “adductomics”, have used liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to detect large numbers of previously unknown Hb and HSA adducts. This review presents methodologies that were developed and used in our laboratories for Hb and HSA adductomics, respectively. We discuss critical aspects regarding choice of target protein, sample preparation, mass spectrometry, data evaluation, and strategies for identification of detected unknown adducts. With this review we give an overview of these two methodologies used for protein adductomics and the precursor electrophiles that have been elucidated from the adducts. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Adductomics: Elucidating the Environmental Causes of Disease)
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15 pages, 1344 KiB  
Article
A Pilot Study to Investigate the Balance between Proteases and α1-Antitrypsin in Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid of Lung Transplant Recipients
by Maddalena Cagnone, Davide Piloni, Ilaria Ferrarotti, Monica Di Venere, Simona Viglio, Sara Magni, Anna Bardoni, Roberta Salvini, Marco Fumagalli, Paolo Iadarola, Sabrina Martinello and Federica Meloni
High-Throughput 2019, 8(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/ht8010005 - 13 Feb 2019
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3372
Abstract
The neutrophilic component in bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS, the main form of chronic lung rejection), plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis and maintenance of the disorder. Human Neutrophil Elastase (HNE), a serine protease responsible of elastin degradation whose action is counteracted by [...] Read more.
The neutrophilic component in bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS, the main form of chronic lung rejection), plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis and maintenance of the disorder. Human Neutrophil Elastase (HNE), a serine protease responsible of elastin degradation whose action is counteracted by α1-antitrypsin (AAT), a serum inhibitor specific for this protease. This work aimed to investigate the relationship between HNE and AAT in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALf) from stable lung transplant recipients and BOS patients to understand whether the imbalance between proteases and inhibitors is relevant to the development of BOS. To reach this goal a multidisciplinary procedure was applied which included: (i) the use of electrophoresis/western blotting coupled with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometric analysis; (ii) the functional evaluation of the residual antiprotease activity, and (iii) a neutrophil count. The results of these experiments demonstrated, for the first time, the presence of the complex between HNE and AAT in a number of BALf samples. The lack of this complex in a few specimens analyzed was investigated in relation to a patient’s lung inflammation. The neutrophil count and the determination of HNE and AAT activities allowed us to speculate that the presence of the complex correlated with the level of lung inflammation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Respiratory and Neurodegenerative Biomarker Discovery, Validation and Diagnosis)
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25 pages, 1135 KiB  
Review
A Selective Review of Multi-Level Omics Data Integration Using Variable Selection
by Cen Wu, Fei Zhou, Jie Ren, Xiaoxi Li, Yu Jiang and Shuangge Ma
High-Throughput 2019, 8(1), 4; https://doi.org/10.3390/ht8010004 - 18 Jan 2019
Cited by 110 | Viewed by 19243
Abstract
High-throughput technologies have been used to generate a large amount of omics data. In the past, single-level analysis has been extensively conducted where the omics measurements at different levels, including mRNA, microRNA, CNV and DNA methylation, are analyzed separately. As the molecular complexity [...] Read more.
High-throughput technologies have been used to generate a large amount of omics data. In the past, single-level analysis has been extensively conducted where the omics measurements at different levels, including mRNA, microRNA, CNV and DNA methylation, are analyzed separately. As the molecular complexity of disease etiology exists at all different levels, integrative analysis offers an effective way to borrow strength across multi-level omics data and can be more powerful than single level analysis. In this article, we focus on reviewing existing multi-omics integration studies by paying special attention to variable selection methods. We first summarize published reviews on integrating multi-level omics data. Next, after a brief overview on variable selection methods, we review existing supervised, semi-supervised and unsupervised integrative analyses within parallel and hierarchical integration studies, respectively. The strength and limitations of the methods are discussed in detail. No existing integration method can dominate the rest. The computation aspects are also investigated. The review concludes with possible limitations and future directions for multi-level omics data integration. Full article
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2 pages, 215 KiB  
Editorial
Acknowledgement to Reviewers of High-Throughput in 2018
by High-Throughput Editorial Office
High-Throughput 2019, 8(1), 3; https://doi.org/10.3390/ht8010003 - 11 Jan 2019
Viewed by 2099
Abstract
Rigorous peer-review is the corner-stone of high-quality academic publishing [...] Full article
33 pages, 3393 KiB  
Article
Low-Field, Benchtop NMR Spectroscopy as a Potential Tool for Point-of-Care Diagnostics of Metabolic Conditions: Validation, Protocols and Computational Models
by Benita C. Percival, Martin Grootveld, Miles Gibson, Yasan Osman, Marco Molinari, Fereshteh Jafari, Tarsem Sahota, Mark Martin, Federico Casanova, Melissa L. Mather, Mark Edgar, Jinit Masania and Philippe B. Wilson
High-Throughput 2019, 8(1), 2; https://doi.org/10.3390/ht8010002 - 27 Dec 2018
Cited by 46 | Viewed by 8055
Abstract
Novel sensing technologies for liquid biopsies offer promising prospects for the early detection of metabolic conditions through omics techniques. Indeed, high-field nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) facilities are routinely used for metabolomics investigations on a range of biofluids in order to rapidly recognise unusual [...] Read more.
Novel sensing technologies for liquid biopsies offer promising prospects for the early detection of metabolic conditions through omics techniques. Indeed, high-field nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) facilities are routinely used for metabolomics investigations on a range of biofluids in order to rapidly recognise unusual metabolic patterns in patients suffering from a range of diseases. However, these techniques are restricted by the prohibitively large size and cost of such facilities, suggesting a possible role for smaller, low-field NMR instruments in biofluid analysis. Herein we describe selected biomolecule validation on a low-field benchtop NMR spectrometer (60 MHz), and present an associated protocol for the analysis of biofluids on compact NMR instruments. We successfully detect common markers of diabetic control at low-to-medium concentrations through optimised experiments, including α-glucose (≤2.8 mmol/L) and acetone (25 µmol/L), and additionally in readily accessible biofluids, particularly human urine. We present a combined protocol for the analysis of these biofluids with low-field NMR spectrometers for metabolomics applications, and offer a perspective on the future of this technique appealing to ‘point-of-care’ applications. Full article
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22 pages, 1336 KiB  
Review
The Identification and Interpretation of cis-Regulatory Noncoding Mutations in Cancer
by Minal B. Patel and Jun Wang
High-Throughput 2019, 8(1), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/ht8010001 - 20 Dec 2018
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 5157
Abstract
In the need to characterise the genomic landscape of cancers and to establish novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets, studies have largely focused on the identification of driver mutations within the protein-coding gene regions, where the most pathogenic alterations are known to occur. However, [...] Read more.
In the need to characterise the genomic landscape of cancers and to establish novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets, studies have largely focused on the identification of driver mutations within the protein-coding gene regions, where the most pathogenic alterations are known to occur. However, the noncoding genome is significantly larger than its protein-coding counterpart, and evidence reveals that regulatory sequences also harbour functional mutations that significantly affect the regulation of genes and pathways implicated in cancer. Due to the sheer number of noncoding mutations (NCMs) and the limited knowledge of regulatory element functionality in cancer genomes, differentiating pathogenic mutations from background passenger noise is particularly challenging technically and computationally. Here we review various up-to-date high-throughput sequencing data/studies and in silico methods that can be employed to interrogate the noncoding genome. We aim to provide an overview of available data resources as well as computational and molecular techniques that can help and guide the search for functional NCMs in cancer genomes. Full article
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