Fortification of an Aquafeed with Potassium Chloride Does Not Improve Survival of Juvenile Australian Snapper Pagrus auratus Reared in Potassium Deficient Saline Groundwater
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Addition of KCl to the Commercial Aquafeed
2.2. Manipulation of K+ Deficient Saline Groundwater (KDSGW) and Estuarine Water Treatments
2.3. Exp. 1: Effect of KCL Fortified Aquafeed on Direct Transfer of Fish to K+ Deficient Saline Groundwater KDSGW
2.4. Exp. 2: Effect of KCl Fortified Aquafeed on Transfer of Fish to Fortified K+ Deficient Saline Groundwater (KDSGW)
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Animal Care and Ethics Statement
4.2. Overview of Experimental Design
4.3. Feed Preparation
4.4. Water Management, Preparation, and Chemistry
4.5. Experimental Facility and General Procedures
4.6. Exp. 1: Effect of KCL Fortified Aquafeed on Feed Intake and Direct Transfer of Fish to K+ Deficient Saline Groundwater (KDSGW)
4.7. Exp. 2: Effect of KCl Fortified Aquafeed on Transfer of Fish to Fortified K+ Deficient Saline Groundwater (KDSGW)
4.8. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | Aquafeed (No KCl Added) | Aquafeed +10 g KCl kg−1 | Aquafeed +25 g KCl kg−1 | Aquafeed +50 g KCl kg−1 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Moisture | % | 66.6 | 53.4 | 36.4 | 56.2 |
Crude protein | % | 517.0 | 520.0 | 527.0 | 502.0 |
Ash | % | 96.3 | 103.0 | 120.0 | 137.0 |
Fat | % | 131.0 | 136.0 | 159.0 | 103.0 |
Energy ¥ | (MJ·kg−1) | 20.6 | 20.9 | 21.4 | 19.4 |
Cl− | (g·kg−1) | 6.4 | 10.7 | 17.2 | 20.8 |
Ca2+ | (g·kg−1) | 23.9 | 26.5 | 26.5 | 24.9 |
Mg2+ | (g·kg−1) | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.4 |
Na+ | (g·kg−1) | 4.1 | 4.1 | 4.2 | 4.0 |
K+ | (g·kg−1) | 4.9 | 10.2 | 16.3 | 27.5 |
P | (g·kg−1) | 31.9 | 16.0 | 16.0 | 15.1 |
Fe | (mg·kg−1) | 537.0 | 467.0 | 473.0 | 437.0 |
Cu | (mg·kg−1) | 11.0 | 10.5 | 10.5 | 11.9 |
Zn | (mg·kg−1) | 169.0 | 171.0 | 173.0 | 169.0 |
I | (mg·kg−1) | 3.3 | 7.5 | 7.5 | 7.5 |
Na:Cl | 0.6 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.2 | |
Na:K | 0.8 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.2 | |
Ca:Mg | 15.9 | 17.7 | 17.7 | 17.8 | |
Ca:P | 0.7 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 1.7 |
Parameter | Reference Waters | Raw Source | Experiment 1 | Experiment 2 | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Seawater ¥ | KDSGW ‡ | KDSGW | Estuarine | Estuarine | KDSGW | Estuarine | Estuarine | KDSGW40 ¥¥ | KDSGW100 ¥¥ | ||||
pH | 8.1 | 7.9 | 7.7 ± 0.2 | 8.4 ± 0.4 | 7.4 ± 0.1 | 8.0 ± 0.4 | 7.9 ± 0.2 | 7.7 ± 0.2 | 7.2 ± 0.1 | 7.1 ± 0.1 | |||
Salinity (g·L−1) | 35 | 19.6 | 78.7 ± 0.4 | 23.5 ± 0.9 | 18.7 ± 0.7 | 19.7 ± 0.0 | 30.7 ± 1.4 | 19.1 ± 0.9 | 19.2 ± 0.1 | 18.2 ± 0.3 | |||
K+ (mg·L−1) | 399 | 9.2 | 21.9 ± 0.1 | 245.0+38.2 | 209.0+26.0 | 4.9 ± 0.3 | 349.0+15.6 | 217.5+24.7 | 90.0 ± 2.8 | 210.0 ± 1.0 | |||
Element or ion (mg·L−1) | |||||||||||||
Cl− | 19,354 | 11,000 | 49,163 | 12,994 | 10,341 | 12,306 | 16,976 | 10,562 | 12,349 | 12,516 | |||
Na+ | 10,770 | 4210 | 18,816 | 7231 | 5754 | 4710 | 9447 | 5877 | 4591 | 4351 | |||
SO42− | 2712 | 1100 | 4916 | 1821 | 1449 | 1231 | 2379 | 1480 | 1199 | 1137 | |||
Mg2+ | 1290 | 820 | 3664 | 866 | 689 | 917 | 1132 | 704 | 894 | 847 | |||
Ca2+ | 412 | 504 | 2252 | 277 | 220 | 564 | 362 | 225 | 550 | 521 | |||
HCO3− | 142 | 195 | 872 | 96 | 76 | 218 | 125 | 78 | 213 | 202 | |||
Br− | 67 | 34 | 152 | 45 | 36 | 38 | 59 | 37 | 37 | 35 | |||
F− | 1.3 | 0.4 | 2.0 | 0.9 | 0.7 | 0.5 | 1.1 | 0.7 | 0.5 | 0.5 | |||
B | 4.5 | 0.4 | 1.7 | 3.0 | 2.4 | 0.4 | 3.9 | 2.5 | 0.4 | 0.4 | |||
Sr2+ | 7.9 | 9.1 | 40.7 | 5.3 | 4.2 | 10.2 | 6.9 | 4.3 | 9.9 | 9.4 | |||
Na:Cl | 0.6 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 0.4 | |||
Na:K | 27.0 | 457.6 | 859.2 | 29.5 | 27.5 | 961.2 | 27.0 | 27.0 | 51.0 | 20.7 | |||
Ca/Mg | 0.3 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.6 | 0.6 |
Dietary KCl Concentration (g KCl kg−1) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Performance Index | Residual | 25 | 50 | Pooled SEM | |
Acclimation feeding period (n = 6) | |||||
Feed intake (% BW day−1) | 2.34 a | 1.71 b | 1.67 b | 0.09 | |
Estuarine treatment only (n = 3) | |||||
Survival (%) | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | na | |
Stock weight (g·fish−1) | 22.49 | 22.77 | 22.16 | 0.51 | |
Final weight (g·fish−1) † | 24.81 | 24.09 | 22.79 | 0.67 | |
SGR (% day−1) | 1.22 a | 0.70 ab | 0.35 b | 0.15 | |
Feed intake (% BW day−1) | 2.17 a | 1.64 b | 1.72 b | 0.10 | |
Feed conversion ratio ‡ | 1.86 | 2.50 | 5.76 | 1.05 | |
KDSGW treatment ¥ (n = 3) | |||||
Survival (%) | 70.8 | 79.17 | 83.33 | 12.50 | |
Stock weight (g·fish−1) | 22.26 | 22.66 | 22.74 | 0.26 | |
Final weight (g·fish−1) † | 23.05 | 21.68 | 22.15 | 0.41 |
Dietary KCl Concentration (g KCL kg−1) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Performance index | Residual | 10 | 25 | Pooled SEM |
Survival (%) | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | na |
Stock weight (g·fish−1) | 37.33 | 37.46 | 37.83 | 0.21 |
Interim weight (g·fish−1) | 45.64 | 44.46 | 45.10 | 0.51 |
SGR (% BW day−1) ¥ | 1.44 | 1.39 | 1.35 | 0.05 |
Feed intake (% BW day−1) | 1.87 | 1.93 | 1.85 | 0.06 |
Feed conversion ratio | 1.31 | 1.38 | 1.38 | 0.06 |
Harvest Weight ‡ (g·fish−1) | SGR (%BW day−1) | Feed Intake (% BW day−1) | FCR | Survival (%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Water-type ¥ | |||||
Estuarine | 55.93 b | 1.06 b | 1.74 | 1.65 a | 98.15 |
40% | 52.16 a | 0.72 a | 1.70 | 2.85 b | 96.29 |
100% | 57.97 b | 1.23 b | 1.84 | 1.52 a | 96.29 |
Diet (g KCl kg−1) | |||||
0 | 54.96 | 0.97 | 1.73 | 2.11 | 94.44 |
10 | 55.03 | 0.97 | 1.73 | 2.21 | 96.29 |
25 | 54.97 | 1.07 | 1.82 | 1.69 | 100.00 |
Pooled SEM | 0.80 | 0.07 | 0.06 | 0.32 | 2.40 |
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Booth, M.A.; Fielder, D.S. Fortification of an Aquafeed with Potassium Chloride Does Not Improve Survival of Juvenile Australian Snapper Pagrus auratus Reared in Potassium Deficient Saline Groundwater. Fishes 2016, 1, 52-64. https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes1010052
Booth MA, Fielder DS. Fortification of an Aquafeed with Potassium Chloride Does Not Improve Survival of Juvenile Australian Snapper Pagrus auratus Reared in Potassium Deficient Saline Groundwater. Fishes. 2016; 1(1):52-64. https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes1010052
Chicago/Turabian StyleBooth, Mark A., and D. Stewart Fielder. 2016. "Fortification of an Aquafeed with Potassium Chloride Does Not Improve Survival of Juvenile Australian Snapper Pagrus auratus Reared in Potassium Deficient Saline Groundwater" Fishes 1, no. 1: 52-64. https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes1010052