Electrochemical Open-Circuit Voltage and Pressure-Concentration-Temperature Isotherm Comparison for Metal Hydride Alloys
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Section
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Electrochemical Pressure-Concentration-Temperature of AB2 Metal Hydride Alloy
- (1)
- The EPCT curve is much more slanted than the PCT curve.
- (2)
- The hysteresis of EPCT is much larger than that of PCT, which has been demonstrated previously by Wójcik and his coworkers [13].
- (3)
- The maximum capacity measured from EPCT is smaller than that from PCT, which has also been previously shown by Wójcik and his coworkers [13].
- (4)
- The PCT isotherm is closer to the EPCT charge curve when the hydrogen storage content is small, but as the hydrogen storage content increases, it then moves to the center between the EPCT charge and discharge curves and finally flattens out.
3.2. Electrochemical Pressure-Concentration-Temperatures of Two AB5 Metal Hydride Alloys
3.3. Electrochemical Pressure-Concentration-Temperatures of Mixtures of Two AB5 Metal Hydride Alloys
3.4. Electrochemical Pressure-Concentration-Temperature of ZrNi4.5 Metal Hydride Alloy
3.5. Discussion
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Difference in | Electrochemical Charging | Gaseous Phase Hydrogen Storage |
---|---|---|
Source of H | Splitting H2O molecule at the electrode/electrolyte interface | H2 dissociation at the surface |
Environment | Alkaline oxidizing environment (KOH electrolyte) | H2 gas, very susceptible to oxygen poisoning |
Kinetics | Hydrogen storage/release at room temperature | Hydrogen storage/release at temperature range of 20 –130 °C |
Thermodynamics | ΔH from −30 kJ·mol·H2−1 to −35 kJ·mol·H2−1 | ΔH from −20 kJ·mol·H2−1 to −55 kJ·mol·H2−1 |
Thermal conductivity | Not crucial | Very important |
Electrical conductivity | Very important | Not crucial |
Chemical reaction | M + H2O + e− ⇆ MH + OH− | H2 (g) ⇆ 2H |
Surface requirement | A thin and porous oxide allowing electrolyte penetration | Free from oxide and other contaminations |
Common catalyst | Metallic Ni embedded in surface oxide [6] | Noble metals like Pd and Pt [7] |
Alloy | Family | Composition (in at%) | Maximum H-storage Capacity | Desorption Plateau Pressure | PCT Hysteresis |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fe1 | AB2 | Ti12Zr21.5V10Cr7.5Mn8.1Fe1.0Co7.0Ni32.2Sn0.3Al0.4 | 1.51 wt% | 0.046 MPa | 0.05 |
B37 | AB5 | La9.6Ce4.0Pr0.5Nd1.3Ni65.8Co4.6Mn4.2Al5.5Cu4.6 | 1.34 wt% | 0.088 MPa | 0.06 |
B65 | AB5 | La10.5Ce4.3Pr0.5Nd1.4Ni62.3Co5.0Mn4.6Al6.0Cu3.2Zr0.2Mo2.0 | 1.21 wt% | 0.012 MPa | 0.28 |
YC#1 | AB5 | Zr18.2Ni81.8 | 0.075 wt% | >1 MPa | 1.76 |
Aspect | PCT | EPCT |
---|---|---|
Main application | Gaseous phase hydrogen storage | Electrochemistry |
Set-up | Valve, pressure gauge, vacuum pump, and heater | Basic electrochemical station |
Equipment cost | ~$20,000 USD per channel | ~$1000 USD per channel |
Sample size | 0.5 g to 2 g | 100 mg to 100 g |
Sample shape | Ingot | −200 mesh powder |
Pre-condition | Fresh cleavage or acid etched | Hot alkaline bath or electrochemical cycling |
Main safety concern | Hydrogen gas safety; powder after PCT measurement can be highly pyrophoric | Cycled electrode after drying can be pyrophoric |
Temperature range | −20 °C to 200 °C | −40 °C to 50 °C |
Equivalent pressure range | 0.0001 MPa to 10 MPa | Wider than 1 Pa to 1000 MPa |
Synergetic effects in multiphase alloy | Determined mainly by the difference in metal-hydrogen bond strength | Determined by the difference in work function |
Properties obtained | Storage capacity, metal-hydrogen bond strength, thermodynamic, hydride/dehydride hysteresis, and interaction among phases | Storage capacity up to 1 atm, contribution from the activated surface |
Not suitable for | Alloys with very high or very low plateau pressure, alloys with poor surface catalytic abilities, alloys in the fine particle form | Alloys with low corrosion resistance in alkaline solution, alloys with high plateau pressure (>1 atm), alloys with very large hardness or ductility |
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Mosavati, N.; Young, K.-H.; Meng, T.; Ng, K.Y.S. Electrochemical Open-Circuit Voltage and Pressure-Concentration-Temperature Isotherm Comparison for Metal Hydride Alloys. Batteries 2016, 2, 6. https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries2020006
Mosavati N, Young K-H, Meng T, Ng KYS. Electrochemical Open-Circuit Voltage and Pressure-Concentration-Temperature Isotherm Comparison for Metal Hydride Alloys. Batteries. 2016; 2(2):6. https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries2020006
Chicago/Turabian StyleMosavati, Negar, Kwo-Hsiung Young, Tiejun Meng, and K. Y. Simon Ng. 2016. "Electrochemical Open-Circuit Voltage and Pressure-Concentration-Temperature Isotherm Comparison for Metal Hydride Alloys" Batteries 2, no. 2: 6. https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries2020006