Analysis of Core Annular Flow Behavior of Water-Lubricated Heavy Crude Oil Transport
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Numerical Simulation
3. Governing Equations and Boundary Conditions
3.1. Governing Equations
3.2. Inlet Boundary Condition
3.3. Outlet Boundary Condition
4. Near-Wall Treatment for the LES Model
5. Physical Model and Meshing
6. Results and Discussion
6.1. Sudden Expansion Model
6.2. Sudden Contraction Model
6.3. Development of Core Annular Flow
6.4. Fouling at Sudden Expansion
6.5. Hydrodynamic Study
7. Conclusions
- Oil–water CAF was predicted using CFD calculations with ANSYS Fluent 13.0 for 0.6 m horizontal pipe length contractions and expansions.
- Based on convergence, the prediction of the oil–water CAF pattern, and the smoothness of the interface, the VOF multiphase model with the LES model and two equations turbulent model was chosen.
- To determine the ideal mesh size to use in the simulation process, unstructured mesh research was accomplished.
- A drastic change in pressure of 4000 Pa is observed near the plane of area change when the superficial flow velocity of water is 0.6 m/s in a sudden contraction pipe. This change in pressure is for the water velocity of 0.3 m/s, which is 6000 Pa.
- The change in pressure observed near the plane of area change in the sudden expansion pipe is marginally less compared to the sudden contraction pipe.
- Predictions of pressure based on various flow velocities were noted. It is evident that as velocity rises, the pressure gradient does as well.
- The split water layer and wavy interface of the oil–water system were completely predicted by the CFD simulation, but separated oil layers were not accurately predicted. Therefore, before simulating other stratified points, such issues should be resolved.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
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Jadidi, S.A.; Moolya, S.; Satheesh, A. Analysis of Core Annular Flow Behavior of Water-Lubricated Heavy Crude Oil Transport. Fluids 2023, 8, 267. https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids8100267
Jadidi SA, Moolya S, Satheesh A. Analysis of Core Annular Flow Behavior of Water-Lubricated Heavy Crude Oil Transport. Fluids. 2023; 8(10):267. https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids8100267
Chicago/Turabian StyleJadidi, Salim Al, Shivananda Moolya, and Anbalagan Satheesh. 2023. "Analysis of Core Annular Flow Behavior of Water-Lubricated Heavy Crude Oil Transport" Fluids 8, no. 10: 267. https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids8100267