An Experimental Study on Human Milk Rheology: Behavior Changes from External Factors
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Recruitment and Milk Collection
2.2. Experimental Methods
2.3. Uncertainty Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Milk Content
3.2. Flow Behavior of Human Milk
3.3. Effect of Temperature on Human Milk Density and Viscosity
3.4. Changes in Density and Viscosity Associated with Intra-Individual Human Milk Variations
3.5. The Effect of Storage & Aging on Human Milk Density and Viscosity
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Appendix B
Appendix C
Tube Inner Diameter (mm) | Infant Weight (g) | Feed Volume (mL kg day) | (s) |
---|---|---|---|
0.5 | 1000 | 100 | 565.9 |
0.5 | 1000 | 200 | 1131.8 |
0.5 | 1500 | 100 | 848.8 |
0.5 | 1500 | 200 | 1697.7 |
3.0 | 1000 | 100 | 2.6 |
3.0 | 1000 | 200 | 5.2 |
3.0 | 1500 | 100 | 3.9 |
3.0 | 1500 | 200 | 7.9 |
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Author | Regression Equation and Nomenclature |
---|---|
Snoeren et al. [10] |
|
Jebson and Chen [11] |
|
Phipps [13] |
|
Bakshi and Smith [12] |
|
Parameter | Test # 1 | Test # 2 |
---|---|---|
Temperature Range | 3–50 C | 36–41 C |
Tested Sample(s) | #1–6 * | #8 ** |
Total Data Points | 40 | 6 |
Measured At | Sample Equilibrium | |
Recording Frequency | Every C | |
Sample Volume | 1.3 mL |
Parameter | Shear Rate Sweep | Temperature Sweep | Shear Rate Loop | Amplitude Sweep | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Test #1 | Test #2 | Test #1 | Test #2 | Test #3 | |||
Temperature(s) | 37 C | 0–50 C | 29–45 C | 36–43 C | 37 C | 37 C | |
Sample(s) | #1–6 *, 8 ** | #1–6 *, 8 ** | #1–6 *, 8 *** | #1–6 * | #7 ** | #8 *** | #2 *, 5 *, 6 * |
# Data Points | 100 | 40 | 51 | 33 | 8 | 400 | 25 |
Measured At | Linear Ramp 1–100 s | Linear Ramp 0.01–20 s | 50 s | 50 s | 50 s | 1–200–1 s | 0.01–1000% at = 5 rad s |
Point Density | 1 | 2 | 1 C 60 s | 1 C 30 s | 1 C 60 s | 1 | 6 decade |
Recording Frequency | Constant Every 2 s | Linear Ramp 10–1 s | Constant Every 60 s | Constant Every 30 s | Constant Every 60 s | Constant Every 1 s | Set By Device |
Volume | 0.29 mL | 0.29 mL | 0.29 mL | 0.29 mL | 0.29 mL | 0.29 mL | 4.0 mL |
Test Time | 440 s | 460 s | 55 min | 21 min | 12 min | 640 s | Varied |
Participant | Month of Lactation | Carbohydrates (g/100 mL) | Proteins (g/100 mL) | Fats (g/100 mL) |
---|---|---|---|---|
#1 | 9.0 | 7.01 | 0.80 | 4.11 |
#2 | 16.0 | 6.80 | 0.97 | 5.23 |
#3 | 12.5 | 6.91 | 0.90 | 4.67 |
#4 | 12.25 | 6.91 | 0.89 | 4.63 |
#5 | 3.5 | 7.18 | 0.66 | 3.23 |
#6 | 4.25 | 7.16 | 0.68 | 3.35 |
#7F | 8.0 | 7.04 | 0.78 | 3.17 |
#7H | 8.0 | 7.04 | 0.78 | 6.61 |
#8F | 1.0 | 7.26 | 0.60 | 2.25 |
#8H | 1.0 | 7.26 | 0.60 | 4.81 |
Sample | Density (g cm) | (%) | (mPa) | (mPa) | FTI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2R | 1.02432 | 1.47 | 8.428 | 22.37 | 2.65 |
2L | 1.02656 | 0.32 | 0.220 | 1.68 | 7.63 |
5R | 1.03002 | 1.00 | 0.891 | 2.00 | 2.24 |
5L | 1.02604 | 2.16 | 4.766 | 9.26 | 1.94 |
6R | 1.02210 | 1.47 | 68.433 | 95.30 | 1.39 |
6L | 1.02795 | 0.15 | 0.680 | 15.07 | 22.17 |
mean ± SD | 1.10 ± 0.76 | 13.903 ± 26.901 | 24.28 ± 35.68 | 6.34 ± 8.08 |
Participant | Right Breast | Left Breast | Difference |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 1.02443 | 1.01713 | 0.00730 |
2 | 1.02432 | 1.02656 | 0.00224 |
3 | 1.02583 | 1.02883 | 0.00300 |
4 | 1.02750 | 1.02761 | 0.00011 |
5 | 1.03002 | 1.02604 | 0.00398 |
6 | 1.02210 | 1.02795 | 0.00585 |
Mean ± SD | 0.00289 ± 0.00269 |
Sample | Initial (mPa s) | Final (mPa s) | Increase/Decrease (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Left Foremilk | 9.4136 | 9.2705 | −1.52 |
Right Foremilk | 9.3010 | 13.9690 | +50.19 |
Left Hindmilk | 21.6380 | 10.1380 | −53.15 |
Right Hindmilk | 12.8800 | 16.6060 | +28.93 |
Sample | Temperature (C) | Fresh (g cm) | Thawed (g cm) |
---|---|---|---|
1R | 26.4 | 0.970 | 1.029 |
1L | 24.8 | 0.964 | 1.022 |
2R | 25.8 | 0.967 | 1.028 |
2L | 26.7 | 0.964 | 1.030 |
4R | 26.0 | 0.972 | 1.031 |
4L | 27.0 | 0.969 | 1.031 |
5R | 24.8 | 0.952 | 1.034 |
5L | 25.4 | 0.962 | 1.030 |
6R | 26.2 | 0.968 | 1.026 |
6L | 26.0 | 0.952 | 1.032 |
Mean ± SD | 25.9 ± 0.74 | 0.964 ± 0.007 | 1.029 ± 0.003 |
Confidence Interval |
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Alatalo, D.; Hassanipour, F. An Experimental Study on Human Milk Rheology: Behavior Changes from External Factors. Fluids 2020, 5, 42. https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids5020042
Alatalo D, Hassanipour F. An Experimental Study on Human Milk Rheology: Behavior Changes from External Factors. Fluids. 2020; 5(2):42. https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids5020042
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlatalo, Diana, and Fatemeh Hassanipour. 2020. "An Experimental Study on Human Milk Rheology: Behavior Changes from External Factors" Fluids 5, no. 2: 42. https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids5020042