Waxy Oleogels for Partial Substitution of Solid Fat in Margarines
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Fat Component Analysis
2.1.1. Appearance and Color Characteristics
2.1.2. Fatty Acid Composition
2.1.3. Texture Properties
2.2. Preparation and Analysis of Margarines
2.2.1. Development of Fat Product Technology
2.2.2. Comparison of Fatty Acid Composition (FAC) of Margarines
2.2.3. Visual Assessment
2.2.4. Color Analysis
2.2.5. Texture Analysis
2.2.6. Thermal Properties
2.2.7. Sensory Analysis
3. Conclusions
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Materials
4.2. Oleogel Preparation
4.3. Analysis of Fat Components
4.3.1. Color Analysis
4.3.2. Analysis of Fatty Acid Composition
4.3.3. Texture Analysis
4.4. Preparation and Analysis of Margarines
4.4.1. Color Analysis
4.4.2. Texture Analysis
4.4.3. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)
4.4.4. Sensory Evaluation
4.5. Statistical Analysis
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample | Firmness (N) | Elastic Modulus, N/mm2 |
---|---|---|
CF | 2.01 ± 0.07 a | 81.72 ± 1.55 a |
BO | 0.04 ± 0.01 b | 2.05 ± 1.30 b |
BHO | 0.31 ± 0.06 b | 6.39 ± 1.95 c |
Sample | Fat Phase 82.5% | Aqueous Phase 17.5% | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CF | CF Replacement | MG | SL | Water | SMP | Flavoring | Salt | SA | CA | |||
SO | BW | HC | ||||||||||
Control | 81.90 | - | - | - | 0.50 | 0.10 | 14.96 | 2.00 | 0.30 | 0.15 | 0.07 | 0.02 |
B10 | 73.71 | 7.94 | 0.25 | - | ||||||||
B20 | 65.52 | 15.89 | 0.49 | - | ||||||||
B30 | 57.33 | 23.83 | 0.74 | - | ||||||||
B40 | 49.14 | 31.78 | 0.98 | - | ||||||||
B50 | 40.95 | 39.72 | 1.23 | - | ||||||||
BH10 | 73.71 | 7.94 | 0.22 | 0.03 | ||||||||
BH20 | 65.52 | 15.89 | 0.44 | 0.05 | ||||||||
BH30 | 57.33 | 23.83 | 0.67 | 0.07 | ||||||||
BH40 | 49.14 | 31.78 | 0.88 | 0.10 | ||||||||
BH50 | 40.95 | 39.72 | 1.11 | 0.12 |
Type of Fatty Acid | Sample | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | B10/BH10 | B20/BH20 | B30/BH30 | B40/BH40 | B50/BH50 | |
SFAs, % Difference from control, % | 35.3 | 32.8 | 30.3 | 27.8 | 25.3 | 22.8 |
- | −7.1 | −14.2 | −21.3 | −28.4 | −35.5 | |
PUFAs, % Difference from control, % | 19.1 | 22.7 | 26.2 | 29.7 | 33.2 | 36.8 |
- | 18,4 | 36.9 | 55.3 | 73.7 | 92.2 | |
MUFAs, % Difference from control, % | 28.0 | 27.0 | 26.0 | 24.9 | 23.9 | 22.9 |
- | −3.7 | −7.4 | −11.1 | −14.8 | −18.4 | |
PUFAs/SFAs | 0.5 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 1.1 | 1.3 | 1.6 |
MUFAs/SFAs | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 1.0 |
Sample | L* | a* | b* | WI | YI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | 85.17 ± 0.67 | 2.77 ± 0.06 | 21.83 ± 0.49 | 26.54 ± 0.58 | 36.62 ± 0.91 |
B10 | 83.73 ± 0.45 * | 2.60 ± 0.10 | 21.70 ± 0.50 | 27.24 ± 0.60 | 37.02 ± 0.97 |
B20 | 84.50 ± 0.36 | 2.30 ± 0.00 * | 23.67 ± 0.40 * | 28.38 ± 0.24 * | 40.01 ± 0.57 * |
B30 | 83.03 ± 0.42 * | 2.45 ± 0.06 * | 23.37 ± 0.12 * | 28.98 ± 0.16 * | 40.20 ± 0.05 * |
B40 | 82.43 ± 0.31 * | 2.13 ± 0.06 * | 22.53 ± 0.06 | 28.65 ± 0.24 * | 39.05 ± 0.24 * |
B50 | 81.67 ± 0.06 * | 1.43 ± 0.06 * | 21.13 ± 0.06 | 28.01 ± 0.04 * | 36.97 ± 0.09 |
BH10 | 85.80 ± 0.26 | 2.77 ± 0.15 | 23.73 ± 0.35 * | 27.80 ± 0.22 * | 39.52 ± 0.49 * |
BH20 | 84.30 ± 0.46 | 2.30 ± 0.17 * | 22.23 ± 0.38 | 27.31 ± 0.53 | 37.68 ± 0.79 |
BH30 | 83.47 ± 0.06 * | 2.23 ± 0.06 * | 23.27 ± 0.06 * | 28.63 ± 0.07 * | 39.82 ± 0.12 * |
BH40 | 82.60 ± 0.26 * | 1.90 ± 0.00 * | 22.47 ± 0.21 | 28.48 ± 0.33 * | 38.86 ± 0.49 * |
BH50 | 80.23 ± 0.06 * | 1.30 ± 0.00 * | 21.13 ± 0.06 | 28.97 ± 0.07 * | 37.63 ± 0.12 |
Sample | Firmness (N) | Elastic Modulus (N/mm2) |
---|---|---|
Control | 30.84 ± 9.65 | 1.12 ± 0.21 |
B10 | 27.74 ± 8.25 | 1.75 ± 0.01 * |
B20 | 28.07 ± 10.32 | 2.68 ± 0.26 * |
B30 | 20.65 ± 6.12 | 1.55 ± 0.04 * |
B40 | 10.50 ± 1.94 * | 0.36 ± 0.01 * |
B50 | 9.33 ± 2.73 * | 0.43 ± 0.05 * |
BH10 | 33.71 ± 10.10 | 1.86 ± 0.12 * |
BH20 | 26.34 ± 9.45 | 2.81 ± 0.25 * |
BH30 | 20.49 ± 5.30 | 1.23 ± 0.16 |
BH40 | 11.80 ± 4.56 * | 0.58 ± 0.05 * |
BH50 | 8.32 ± 1.33 * | 0.68 ± 0.13 |
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Sobolev, R.; Frolova, Y.; Sarkisyan, V.; Kochetkova, A. Waxy Oleogels for Partial Substitution of Solid Fat in Margarines. Gels 2023, 9, 683. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels9090683
Sobolev R, Frolova Y, Sarkisyan V, Kochetkova A. Waxy Oleogels for Partial Substitution of Solid Fat in Margarines. Gels. 2023; 9(9):683. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels9090683
Chicago/Turabian StyleSobolev, Roman, Yuliya Frolova, Varuzhan Sarkisyan, and Alla Kochetkova. 2023. "Waxy Oleogels for Partial Substitution of Solid Fat in Margarines" Gels 9, no. 9: 683. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels9090683