Vertebrate Left-Right Asymmetry: What Can Nodal Cascade Gene Expression Patterns Tell Us?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Cilia-Dependent Symmetry Breaking
2.1. LRO Specifier
2.2. Flow Generator
2.3. Flow Cargo
2.4. Flow Sensor
2.5. Signal Transfer
2.6. Precautions
3. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Process | Gene/Treatment | Species | Mutant | Morphant | Nodal Cascade * | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LRO specifier | brachyury | mouse | T/T | absent | [34,36] | |
TWis/TWis | absent | |||||
fish | ntl | absent | [35] | |||
SK & MB | ||||||
frog | Xbra | TBMO | absent | (unpublished) | ||
LRO flow | methyl cellulose | Xenopus | absent | [44,68] | ||
mouse | bilateral | |||||
flow generator | FOXJ1 | Zebrafish | TBMO | random | [69,70] | |
mouse | Foxj1neo/neo | random | ||||
absent, bilateral | ||||||
KIF3A | mouse | -/- | bilateral | [45,61] | ||
RFX2 | Xenopus | SBMO | absent, bilateral | [71,72] | ||
zebrafish | TBMO | absent | ||||
cilia motility | DNAH11 | mouse | Dnah11iv/iv | random | [5,19,43] | |
DNAH9 | Xenopus | TBMO | absent | |||
DNAH5 | Xenopus | TBMO | absent | |||
DYX1C1 | zebrafish | TBMO | absent | |||
ciliapolarity | VANGL1 | mouse | Vangl1gt/gt | bilateral | [40,41] | |
VANGL2 | Vangl2−/− | bilateral | ||||
Xenopus | TBMO | absent | ||||
LRO sensor | NODAL | mouse | absent | [55] | ||
zebrafish | TBMO | random | [56,57,58] | |||
Xenopus | TBMO | absent | ||||
DAND5 | mouse | -/- | random | [58,59,60] | ||
Xenopus | TBMO | bilateral | ||||
zebrafish | TBMO | bilateral | ||||
GDF1/GDF3 | mouse | -/- | absent | [60] | ||
zebrafish | TBMO | absent | ||||
zebrafish | mz-/- | absent | ||||
PKD2 | mouse | Pkd2lacZ/lacZ | absent | [62] | ||
zebrafish | TBMO | bilateral | ||||
zebrafish | SBMO | absent | ||||
PKD1L1 | mouse | Pkd1l1rks/rks | absent | [63] | ||
medaka | abcaA12 | absent |
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Schweickert, A.; Ott, T.; Kurz, S.; Tingler, M.; Maerker, M.; Fuhl, F.; Blum, M. Vertebrate Left-Right Asymmetry: What Can Nodal Cascade Gene Expression Patterns Tell Us? J. Cardiovasc. Dev. Dis. 2018, 5, 1. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcdd5010001
Schweickert A, Ott T, Kurz S, Tingler M, Maerker M, Fuhl F, Blum M. Vertebrate Left-Right Asymmetry: What Can Nodal Cascade Gene Expression Patterns Tell Us? Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease. 2018; 5(1):1. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcdd5010001
Chicago/Turabian StyleSchweickert, Axel, Tim Ott, Sabrina Kurz, Melanie Tingler, Markus Maerker, Franziska Fuhl, and Martin Blum. 2018. "Vertebrate Left-Right Asymmetry: What Can Nodal Cascade Gene Expression Patterns Tell Us?" Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease 5, no. 1: 1. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcdd5010001