The Application of Combined Pre-Treatment with Utilization of Sonication and Reduced Pressure to Accelerate the Osmotic Dehydration Process and Modify the Selected Properties of Cranberries
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Material
2.2. Processing
2.2.1. Blanching
2.2.2. Combined Pretreatment
- A blanched material was placed in osmotic solution and the pressure was lowered three times in 10 min intervals (BL_3 × 10 v),
- A blanched material was placed in osmotic solution and subjected to lowered pressure for 10 min, then sonicated for 20 min (BL_10 v 20 us),
- A blanched material was placed in osmotic solution and sonicated for 20 min, afterwards it was subjected to lowered pressure for 10 min (BL_20 us 10 v).
2.2.3. Osmotic Dehydration (OD)
2.3. Cranberries Analysis
2.3.1. Dry Matter Content
2.3.2. Water Soluble Solids (Brix Index)
2.3.3. Water Activity
2.3.4. Color
2.3.5. Bioactive Compounds
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Kinetics of Osmotic Dehydration
3.2. Physical Properties—Dry Matter Content, Water Activity, Water Soluble Compounds, and Color
3.3. Bioactive Compounds
3.4. Cluster Analysis
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Treatment | Abbreviations | |
---|---|---|
After treatment, before osmotic dehydration | ||
Blanched material | BL | |
Osmotic solution | ||
Sucrose 61.5% (s) | Sucrose 30% with 0.1% steviol glycosides addition (s + g) | |
Blanched material in osmotic solution under the pressure lowered three times in 10 min intervals (BL_3 × 10v) | BL_3 × 10 v_s | BL_3 × 10 v_s + g |
Blanched material in osmotic solution subjected to lowered pressure for 10 min and sonicated for 20 min (BL_10 v 20us) | BL_10 v 20 us_s | BL_10 v 20 us_s + g |
Blanched material in osmotic solution subjected to sonication for 20 min and to lowered pressure for 10 min (BL_20 us 10 v) | BL_20 us 10 v_s | BL_20 us 10 v_s + g |
After osmotic dehydration | ||
Blanched material subjected to osmotic dehydration for 72 h (BL_72 h) | BL_s_72 h | BL_s + g_72 h |
Blanched material in osmotic solution under the pressure lowered three times in 10 min intervals, and then subjected to osmotic dehydration for 72 h (BL_3 × 10 v_72 h) | BL_3 × 10 v_s_72 h | BL_3 × 10 v_s + g_72 h |
Blanched material in osmotic solution subjected to lowered pressure for 10 min and sonicated for 20 min, and then osmotic dehydration for 72 h (BL_10 v 20 us_72 h) | BL_10 v 20 us_s_72 h | BL_10 v 20 us_s + g_72 h |
Blanched material in osmotic solution subjected to sonication for 20 min and to lowered pressure for 10 min, and then osmotic dehydration for 72 h (BL_20 us 10 v_72 h) | BL_20 us 10 v_s_72 h | BL_20 us 10 v_s + g_72 h |
Material | Dry Matter Content [%] | Water Activity [−] | Water Soluble Compounds [°Bx] | Color Parameters | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
L * | a * | b * | Total Color Difference ΔE | ||||
BL | 14.6 ± 0.1a | 0.952 ± 0.009 fg | 9.3 ± 0.2 a | 9.1 ± 0.7 a | 51.8 ± 0.6 i | 15.7 ± 0.7 bc | − |
After treatment | |||||||
s solution | |||||||
BL_3 × 10 v_s | 19.3 ± 0.1 c | 0.937 ± 0.006 de | 14.5 ± 0.2 c | 16.1 ± 0.8 h | 40.7 ± 0.7 f | 17.2 ± 0.6 efg | 13.2 ± 0.8 c |
BL_10 v 20 us_s | 20.4 ± 0.1 c | 0.950 ± 0.004 f | 15.9 ± 0.5 d | 21.1 ± 0.7 i | 35.0 ± 0.6 cd | 13.8 ± 0.7 a | 20.8 ± 0.5 h |
BL_20 us 10 v_s | 19.3 ± 0.1 c | 0.934 ± 0.005 e | 15.9 ± 0.4 d | 13.8 ± 1.3 d | 35.5 ± 0.6 d | 14.5 ± 0.8 a | 17.1 ± 0.7 ef |
s + g solution | |||||||
BL_3 × 10 v_s + g | 16.6 ± 0.1 b | 0.952 ± 0.007 fg | 11.8 ± 0.2 b | 14.7 ± 0.4 e | 43.0 ± 0.9 g | 14.1 ± 0.4 a | 10.7 ± 0.6 b |
BL_10 v 20 us_s + g | 16.3 ± 0.3 b | 0.963 ± 0.003 g | 11.9 ± 0.1 b | 12.9 ± 0.8 c | 46.5 ± 0.8 h | 16.4 ± 0.7 bcd | 6.6 ± 0.8 a |
BL_20 us 10 v_s + g | 16.1 ± 0.1 b | 0.966 ± 0.002 fg | 11.9 ± 0.1 b | 11.0 ± 0.5 b | 47.3 ± 0.7 h | 18.6 ± 0.6 h | 5.8 ± 0.6 a |
After osmotic dehydration | |||||||
s solution | |||||||
BL_s_72 h | 45.9 ± 0.6 h | 0.898 ± 0.018 b | 43.1 ± 0.4 g | 14.8 ± 0.7 e | 34.2 ± 0.9 bc | 16.7 ± 0.8 cde | 18.6 ± 0.8 g |
BL_3 × 10 v_s_72 h | 45.2 ± 0.8 h | 0.862 ± 0.014 a | 42.5 ± 0.5 g | 16.2 ± 0.5 h | 34.0 ± 0.8 b | 17.7 ± 0.7 g | 19.3 ± 0.7 g |
BL_10 v 20 us_s_72 h | 43.1 ± 0.7 g | 0.895 ± 0.002 b | 36.1 ± 0.8 h | 15.6 ± 0.7 fgh | 31.9 ± 1.1 a | 16.4 ± 0.5 bcd | 21.0 ± 1.0 h |
BL_20 u s10 v_s_72 h | 41.9 ± 0.7 g | 0.896 ± 0.009 b | 36.1 ± 0.4 h | 15.4 ± 1.1 ef | 31.8 ± 0.8 a | 15.9 ± 1.0 bc | 21.0 ± 0.7 h |
s + g solution | |||||||
BL_s + g_72 h | 34.2 ± 1.1 f | 0.916 ± 0.009 c | 22.4 ± 0.2 e | 12.9 ± 0.7 c | 37.5 ± 1.0 e | 15.6 ± 0.9 b | 14.9 ± 0.9 d |
BL_3 × 10 v_s + g_72 h | 32.9 ± 0.9 f | 0.914 ± 0.004 c | 26.5 ± 0.8 g | 16.1 ± 0.1 gh | 37.3 ± 2.9 e | 15.6 ± 2.3 b | 16.3 ± 2.6 e |
BL_10 v 20 us_s + g_72 h | 28.9 ± 1.0 d | 0.928 ± 0.005 d | 23.0 ± 1.5 e | 15.9 ± 0.3 fgh | 35.7 ± 0.5 d | 17.5 ± 0.3 fg | 17.6 ± 0.8 f |
BL_20 us 10 v_s + g_72 h | 31.0 ± 0.9 e | 0.919 ± 0.005 c | 25.6 ± 0.9 f | 15.4 ± 0.2 efg | 34.0 ± 0.9 b | 16.6 ± 1.6 cde | 19.0 ± 0.5 g |
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Nowacka, M.; Wiktor, A.; Dadan, M.; Rybak, K.; Anuszewska, A.; Materek, L.; Witrowa-Rajchert, D. The Application of Combined Pre-Treatment with Utilization of Sonication and Reduced Pressure to Accelerate the Osmotic Dehydration Process and Modify the Selected Properties of Cranberries. Foods 2019, 8, 283. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods8080283
Nowacka M, Wiktor A, Dadan M, Rybak K, Anuszewska A, Materek L, Witrowa-Rajchert D. The Application of Combined Pre-Treatment with Utilization of Sonication and Reduced Pressure to Accelerate the Osmotic Dehydration Process and Modify the Selected Properties of Cranberries. Foods. 2019; 8(8):283. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods8080283
Chicago/Turabian StyleNowacka, Malgorzata, Artur Wiktor, Magdalena Dadan, Katarzyna Rybak, Aleksandra Anuszewska, Lukasz Materek, and Dorota Witrowa-Rajchert. 2019. "The Application of Combined Pre-Treatment with Utilization of Sonication and Reduced Pressure to Accelerate the Osmotic Dehydration Process and Modify the Selected Properties of Cranberries" Foods 8, no. 8: 283. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods8080283