Amino Acid Composition of an Organic Brown Rice Protein Concentrate and Isolate Compared to Soy and Whey Concentrates and Isolates
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Preparation and HPLC Analysis of Amino Acid in Rice Protein Isolate and Concentrate
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Total Amino Acid Contents of Brown Rice Protein Isolate and Concentration
3.2. Comparison and Variation of Amino Acid Concentration between Sources of Brown Rice, Whey, and Soy
Amino Acid | Oryzatein 90 Silk Isolate | Oryzatein | Oryza sativa | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Batch A a | Batch B b | 80 Silk Concentrate c | Cooked d | |||||
mg/100 g | % Total AA | mg/100 g | % Total AA | mg/100 g | % Total AA | mg/100 g | % Total AA | |
Alanine | 4469 | 5.8 | 4381 | 5.7 | 4322 | 5.6 | 151 | 5.8 |
Arginine | 6321 | 8.2 | 6350 | 8.3 | 6115 | 7.9 | 196 | 7.6 |
Aspartic acid | 6938 | 9.0 | 6791 | 8.9 | 6762 | 8.7 | 242 | 9.4 |
Cystine | 1697 | 2.2 | 1808 | 2.4 | 1629 | 2.1 | 31 | 1.2 |
Glutamic acid | 13,906 | 18.0 | 13,700 | 17.9 | 13,495 | 17.4 | 526 | 20.4 |
Glycine | 3528 | 4.6 | 3410 | 4.5 | 3410 | 4.4 | 127 | 4.9 |
Histidine | 1820 | 2.4 | 1670 | 2.2 | 1699 | 2.2 | 66 | 2.6 |
Isoleucine | 3469 | 4.5 | 3234 | 4.2 | 3381 | 4.4 | 109 | 4.2 |
Leucine | 6409 | 8.3 | 6321 | 8.3 | 6203 | 8.0 | 214 | 8.3 |
Lysine | 2420 | 3.1 | 2190 | 2.9 | 2120 | 2.7 | 99 | 3.8 |
Methionine | 2270 | 2.9 | 2258 | 3.0 | 2279 | 2.9 | 58 | 2.2 |
Phenylalanine | 4410 | 5.7 | 4292 | 5.6 | 4116 | 5.3 | 133 | 5.1 |
Proline | 2881 | 3.7 | 3675 | 4.8 | 3557 | 4.6 | 121 | 4.7 |
Serine | 3910 | 5.1 | 3881 | 5.1 | 3793 | 4.9 | 134 | 5.2 |
Threonine | 2919 | 3.8 | 2858 | 3.7 | 2799 | 3.6 | 95 | 3.7 |
Tryptophan | 1170 | 1.5 | 1150 | 1.5 | 1120 | 1.4 | 33 | 1.3 |
Tyrosine | 4263 | 5.5 | 4263 | 5.6 | 6203 | 8.0 | 97 | 3.8 |
Valine | 4557 | 5.9 | 4263 | 5.6 | 4469 | 5.8 | 151 | 5.8 |
Total amino acids | 77,357 | 100.0 | 76,495 | 100.0 | 77,472 | 100.0 | 2583 | 100.0 |
Total EAA/% total | 29,444 | 38.1 | 66,940 | 36.9 | 28,186 | 36.4 | 958 | 37.1 |
Total BCAA/% total | 14,435 | 18.7 | 13,818 | 18.1 | 14,053 | 18.1 | 474 | 18.4 |
Amino Acid | Oryzatein 90 Silk Isolate | Soy Protein | Whey Protein | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Batch A a | Batch B b | Isolate c | Isolate d | |||||
mg/100 g | % Total AA | mg/100 g | % Total AA | mg/100 g | % Total AA | mg/100 g | % Total AA | |
Alanine | 4469 | 5.8 | 4381 | 5.7 | 3589 | 4.1 | 4800 | 4.8 |
Arginine | 6321 | 8.2 | 6350 | 8.3 | 6670 | 7.6 | 1779 | 1.8 |
Aspartic acid | 6938 | 9.0 | 6791 | 8.9 | 10,203 | 11.6 | 10,161 | 10.2 |
Cystine | 1697 | 2.2 | 1808 | 2.4 | 1046 | 1.2 | 2089 | 2.1 |
Glutamic acid | 13,906 | 18.0 | 13,700 | 17.9 | 17,452 | 19.8 | 19,311 | 19.4 |
Glycine | 3528 | 4.6 | 3410 | 4.5 | 3603 | 4.1 | 1421 | 1.4 |
Histidine | 1820 | 2.4 | 1670 | 2.2 | 2303 | 2.6 | 1311 | 1.3 |
Isoleucine | 3469 | 4.5 | 3234 | 4.2 | 4253 | 4.8 | 5600 | 5.6 |
Leucine | 6409 | 8.3 | 6321 | 8.3 | 6783 | 7.7 | 10,239 | 10.3 |
Lysine | 2420 | 3.1 | 2190 | 2.9 | 5327 | 6.0 | 9700 | 9.7 |
Methionine | 2270 | 2.9 | 2258 | 3.0 | 1130 | 1.3 | 1689 | 1.7 |
Phenylalanine | 4410 | 5.7 | 4292 | 5.6 | 4593 | 5.2 | 2579 | 2.6 |
Proline | 2881 | 3.7 | 3675 | 4.8 | 4960 | 5.6 | 5739 | 5.8 |
Serine | 3910 | 5.1 | 3881 | 5.1 | 4593 | 5.2 | 4921 | 4.9 |
Threonine | 2919 | 3.8 | 2858 | 3.7 | 3137 | 3.6 | 7911 | 7.9 |
Tryptophan | 1170 | 1.5 | 1150 | 1.5 | 1116 | 1.3 | 1889 | 1.9 |
Tyrosine | 4263 | 5.5 | 4263 | 5.6 | 3222 | 3.7 | 2679 | 2.7 |
Valine | 4557 | 5.9 | 4263 | 5.6 | 4098 | 4.7 | 5879 | 5.9 |
Total amino acids | 77,357 | 100.0 | 76,495 | 100.0 | 88,078 | 100.0 | 99,697 | 100.0 |
Total EAA/% total | 29,444 | 38.1 | 66,940 | 36.9 | 32,740 | 37.2 | 46,797 | 46.9 |
Total BCAA/% total | 14,435 | 18.7 | 13,818 | 18.1 | 15,134 | 17.2 | 21,718 | 21.8 |
Amino Acid | Oryzatein | Soy Protein | Whey Protein | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
80 Silk Concentrate a | Concentrate b | Concentrate c | ||||
mg/100 g | % Total AA | mg/100 g | %Total AA | mg/100 g | %Total AA | |
Alanine | 4322 | 5.6 | 2677 | 4.3 | 4900 | 5 |
Arginine | 6115 | 7.9 | 4642 | 7.4 | 2100 | 2.1 |
Aspartic acid | 6762 | 8.7 | 7249 | 11.5 | 10,800 | 10.9 |
Cystine | 1629 | 2.1 | 886 | 1.4 | 2089 | 2.1 |
Glutamic acid | 13,495 | 17.4 | 12,013 | 19.1 | 16,700 | 16.9 |
Glycine | 3410 | 4.4 | 2688 | 4.3 | 1800 | 1.8 |
Histidine | 1699 | 2.2 | 1578 | 2.5 | 2200 | 2.2 |
Isoleucine | 3381 | 4.4 | 2942 | 4.7 | 5800 | 5.9 |
Leucine | 6203 | 8 | 4917 | 7.8 | 10,239 | 10.4 |
Lysine | 2120 | 2.7 | 3929 | 6.2 | 9600 | 9.7 |
Methionine | 2279 | 2.9 | 814 | 1.3 | 1900 | 1.9 |
Phenylalanine | 4116 | 5.3 | 3278 | 5.2 | 3300 | 3.3 |
Proline | 3557 | 4.6 | 3298 | 5.2 | 5800 | 5.9 |
Serine | 3793 | 4.9 | 3369 | 5.4 | 4700 | 4.8 |
Threonine | 2799 | 3.6 | 2474 | 3.9 | 7200 | 7.3 |
Tryptophan | 1120 | 1.4 | 835 | 1.3 | 2100 | 2.1 |
Tyrosine | 6203 | 8 | 2301 | 3.7 | 1800 | 1.8 |
Valine | 4469 | 5.8 | 3064 | 4.9 | 5800 | 5.9 |
Total amino acids | 77,472 | 100 | 62,954 | 100 | 98,828 | 100 |
Total EAA/% total | 28,186 | 36.4 | 23,832 | 37.9 | 52,490 | 53.1 |
Total BCAA/% total | 14,053 | 18.1 | 10,923 | 17.4 | 24,100 | 24.4 |
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Schuster, R. Determination of amino acids in biological, pharmaceutical, plant and food samples by automated precolumn derivitization and HPLC. J. Chromatogr. 1988, 431, 271–284. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Barkholt, V.; Jensen, A.L. Amino acid analysis: Determination of cystine plus half cystine in proteins after hydrochloric acid hydrolysis with disulfide compound as additive. Analyt. Biochem. 1989, 177, 318–322. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Henderson, J.W.; Ricker, R.D.; Bidlingermeyer, B.A.; Woodward, C. Rapid, accurate, sensitive, and reproducible HPLC analysis of amino acids. Agilent Technol. Tech. Note 2000, 1100, 1–10. [Google Scholar]
- Volpi, E.; Kobayashi, H.; Sheffield-Moore, M. Essential amino acids are primarily responsible for the amino acid stimulation of muscle protein anabolism in healthy elderly adults. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2003, 78, 250–258. [Google Scholar]
- Paddon-Jones, D.; Sheffield-Moore, M.; Zhang, X.J.; Volpi, E.; Wolf, S.E.; Aarsland, A.; Ferrando, A.A.; Wolf, R.R. Amino acid ingestion improves muscle protein synthesis in the young and elderly. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 2004, 286, E321–E328. [Google Scholar]
- Blmstrand, E.; Eliasson, J.; Karlsson, H.K.R.; Köhnke, R. Branched-chain amino acids activate key enzymes in protein synthesis after physical exercise. J. Nutr. 2006, 136, 269S–273S. [Google Scholar]
- Kimball, S.R.; Jefferson, L.S. Signaling pathways and molecular mechanisms through which branched-chain amino acids mediate translational control of protein synthesis. J. Nutr. 2006, 136, 227S–231S. [Google Scholar]
- Ha, E.; Zemel, M. Functional properties of why, whey components, and essential amino acids: Mechanisms underlying health benefits for active people. J. Nutr. Biochem. 2003, 14, 251–258. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rasmussen, B.B.; Tipton, K.D.; Miller, S.L. An oral essential amino acid-carbohydrate supplement enhances muscle protein anabolism after resistance exercise. J. Appl. Physiol. 2000, 88, 386–392. [Google Scholar]
- USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 26. Available online: http://www.ars.usda.gov/ba/bhnrc/ndl (accessed on 18 September 2013).
- US Dairy Export Council, Applications Monograph, Senior Nutrition. Available online: http://www.usdec.org/files/PDFs/2008Monographs/SeniorNutrition_English.pdf (accessed on 18 September 2013).
- Joy, J.M.; Lowery, R.P.; Wilson, J.M.; Purpura, M.; de Souza, E.O.; Wilson, S.M.; Kalman, D.S.; Dudeck, J.E.; Jäger, R. The effects of 8 weeks of whey or rice protein supplementation on body composition and exercise performance. Nutr. J. 2013, 12, 86–93. [Google Scholar]
© 2014 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).
Share and Cite
Kalman, D.S. Amino Acid Composition of an Organic Brown Rice Protein Concentrate and Isolate Compared to Soy and Whey Concentrates and Isolates. Foods 2014, 3, 394-402. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods3030394
Kalman DS. Amino Acid Composition of an Organic Brown Rice Protein Concentrate and Isolate Compared to Soy and Whey Concentrates and Isolates. Foods. 2014; 3(3):394-402. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods3030394
Chicago/Turabian StyleKalman, Douglas S. 2014. "Amino Acid Composition of an Organic Brown Rice Protein Concentrate and Isolate Compared to Soy and Whey Concentrates and Isolates" Foods 3, no. 3: 394-402. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods3030394