Metabolic Syndrome According to Dietary and Health-Related Lifestyle in Male Cancer Survivors and Non-Cancer over 40 Years of Age
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Health-Related Questionnaire
2.3. Dietary Patterns
2.4. Physical Activity
2.5. MetS Diagnosis
2.6. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. General Information Profile
3.2. Metabolic Syndrome and Risk Factors for Various Cancers
3.3. MetS Prevalence According to Nutritional Intake and Dietary Habits
3.4. MetS Prevalence According to Physical Activity Pattern
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Non-Cancer (n = 9228) | p | Cancer Survivors (n = 618) | p | Non-Cancer vs. Cancer Survivors | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NMetS (n = 6593, 71.4%) | MetS (n = 2635, 28.6%) | NMetS (n = 415, 67.2%) | MetS (n = 203, 32.8%) | within NMetS | within MetS | |||
Age, years | 58.4 ± 11.7 | 61.7 ± 11.1 | <0.001 | 67.0 ± 9.5 | 68.7 ± 9.2 | 0.039 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Height, cm | 168.0 ± 6.3 | 167.9 ± 5.9 | 0.458 | 167.5 ± 6.3 | 168.5 ± 6.3 | 0.108 | 0.158 | 0.068 |
Weight, kg | 66.7 ± 9.5 | 71.8 ± 9.1 | <0.001 | 65.2 ± 8.6 | 75.1 ± 10.5 | <0.001 | 0.203 | <0.001 |
BMI, kg/m2 | 23.6 ± 2.7 | 25.4 ± 2.6 | <0.001 | 23.2 ± 2.6 | 26.3 ± 2.9 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Waistline, cm | 84.3 ± 7.4 | 92.8 ± 7.3 | <0.001 | 83.9 ± 7.4 | 93.6 ± 7.3 | <0.001 | 0.250 | 0.029 |
SBP, mmHg | 121.1 ± 16.9 | 129.3 ± 15.2 | <0.001 | 120.4 ± 15.0 | 128.2 ± 15.2 | 0.031 | 0.356 | 0.321 |
DBP, mmHg | 73.0 ± 9.6 | 74.8 ± 10.8 | <0.001 | 76.8 ± 9.8 | 79.1 ± 11.5 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
HDLC, mg/dL | 50.0 ± 12.0 | 38.8 ± 11.0 | <0.001 | 49.0 ± 11.1 | 35.1 ± 10.4 | <0.001 | 0.066 | 0.034 |
TG, mg/dL | 118.1 ± 77.2 | 157.5 ± 95.5 | <0.001 | 146.8 ± 93.5 | 195.9 ± 153.0 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Glucose, mg/dL | 103.5 ± 24.3 | 116.9 ± 28.9 | <0.001 | 101.8 ± 23.2 | 119.6 ± 31.6 | <0.001 | 0.162 | 0.233 |
Income level | ||||||||
High | 2321 (35.2%) | 648 (24.6%) | 0.015 | 188 (45.4%) | 54 (26.4%) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.008 |
Medium | 2215 (33.6%) | 925 (35.1%) | 130 (31.3%) | 62 (30.3%) | ||||
Low | 2057 (31.2%) | 1062 (40.3%) | 97 (23.3%) | 88 (43.3%) | ||||
Education level | ||||||||
To middle school | 1464 (22.2%) | 606 (23.0%) | 0.273 | 61 (14.7%) | 54 (26.4%) | 0.014 | <0.001 | 0.098 |
To high school | 3013 (45.7%) | 1241 (47.1%) | 200 (48.3%) | 102 (50.3%) | ||||
Above college | 2116 (32.1%) | 788 (29.9%) | 154 (37.0%) | 47 (23.3%) | ||||
Smoking statue | ||||||||
Present smoker | 3382 (51.3%) | 1233 (46.8%) | 0.207 | 211 (50.9%) | 109 (53.6%) | 0.373 | 0.128 | 0.446 |
Quitting smoking | 1464 (22.2%) | 593 (22.5%) | 76 (18.3%) | 35 (17.1%) | ||||
No experience | 1747 (26.5%) | 809 (30.7%) | 128 (30.8%) | 59 (29.3%) | ||||
Alcohol frequency | ||||||||
Low | 3910 (59.3%) | 1391 (52.8%) | <0.001 | 374(64.1%) | 247(58.8%) | <0.001 | 0.367 | 0.373 |
Medium | 1563 (23.7%) | 698 (26.5%) | 134(22.9%) | 103(24.5%) | ||||
High | 1121 (17.0%) | 545 (20.7%) | 76(13.0%) | 70(16.7%) |
Variables | Class | Metabolic Syndrome Odds Ratio (95% Confidence Interval) | |
---|---|---|---|
Non-Cancer | Cancer Survivors | ||
Calorie intake | kcal/day | ||
Low | <2000 | 0.88 (0.60–0.99) | 0.82 (0.60–0.95) |
RDI | 2000–2400 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
High | >2400 | 1.84 (1.13–3.28) | 2.01 (1.28–4.04) |
Carbohydrate | % | ||
Low | <55 | 0.83 (0.61–0.95) | 0.84 (0.54–0.98) |
AMDR | 55–65 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
High | >65 | 1.96 (1.08–3.67) | 2.33 (1.28–4.54) |
Fat | % | ||
Low | <15 | 0.83 (0.96–1.82) | 0.86 (0.98–1.95) |
AMDR | 15–30 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
High | > 30 | 1.23 (0.76–3.33) | 1.39 (1.05–2.37) |
Protein | % | ||
Low | <7 | 0.80 (0.62–2.27) | 0.72 (0.54–2.17) |
AMDR | 7–20 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
High | >20 | 1.26 (0.71–2.58) | 1.61 (0.45–4.12) |
Dietary fiber | g/day | ||
Low | <20 | 1.99 (0.76–3.01) | 1.75 (1.09–3.12) |
RDI | 20–25 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
High | >25 | 0.78 (0.58–1.97) | 0.80 (0.69–0.93) |
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Meng, H.; Choi, Y.; Yim, K. Metabolic Syndrome According to Dietary and Health-Related Lifestyle in Male Cancer Survivors and Non-Cancer over 40 Years of Age. Foods 2024, 13, 1351. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13091351
Meng H, Choi Y, Yim K. Metabolic Syndrome According to Dietary and Health-Related Lifestyle in Male Cancer Survivors and Non-Cancer over 40 Years of Age. Foods. 2024; 13(9):1351. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13091351
Chicago/Turabian StyleMeng, Huan, Yongchul Choi, and Kitae Yim. 2024. "Metabolic Syndrome According to Dietary and Health-Related Lifestyle in Male Cancer Survivors and Non-Cancer over 40 Years of Age" Foods 13, no. 9: 1351. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13091351