High Power Ytterbium-Doped Fiber Lasers Employing Longitudinal Vary Core Diameter Active Fibers
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Basic Concept of Vary Core Diameter Ytterbium-Doped Fiber
2.1. Classification of Vary Core Diameter Ytterbium-Doped Fiber
2.2. Advantages of VCAF
2.2.1. High Nonlinear Effect Threshold
2.2.2. Good Mode Control Ability
2.2.3. Excellent ASE Inhibition
2.3. Fabrication Process of VCAF
2.3.1. Preform Form Control Method
2.3.2. Variable-Speed Drawing Method
2.3.3. Combination of Preform Form Control and Variable-Speed Drawing Method
3. Simulation of SRS and TMI Characteristics of VCAF
3.1. SRS in VCAF- and CCAF-Based Fiber Laser Oscillator
3.2. Theoretical Comparison of TMI in Fiber Laser Amplifier Based on VCAF and CCAF
4. Experimental Study on High-Power CW Fiber Laser Based on VCAF
4.1. Fiber Laser Based on TF with Constant Core-to-Cladding Ratio (TF-CCCR)
4.1.1. High-Power Fiber Laser Oscillator Based on TF-CCCR
4.1.2. High-Power Fiber Laser Amplifier Based on TF-CCCR
4.1.3. Summary
4.2. Fiber Laser Based on SAF
4.2.1. Fiber Laser Oscillator Based on SAF with Tapered Core and Constant Cladding
4.2.2. Fiber Laser Amplifier Based on SAF with Tapered Core and Constant Cladding
4.2.3. Summary
4.3. Fiber Laser Based on SPF
4.3.1. Fiber Laser Employing SPF with Constant Core-to-Cladding Ratio (SPF-CCCR)
4.3.2. Fiber Laser Based on SPF with Constant Cladding Diameter (SPF-CCD)
4.3.3. Comparison of SRS of Fiber Laser Amplifier Based on SPF-CCCR and CCAF
4.3.4. Comparison of TMI of Fiber Laser Amplifier Based on SPF-CCD and CCAF
4.3.5. Summary
5. Application of VCAF in Novel Fiber Lasers
5.1. Quasi-Continuous Wave Fiber Laser Based on TF and SPF
5.1.1. Peak Power of 6.4 kW for QCW Fiber Laser Based on TF-CCCR
5.1.2. Peak Power of 7.3 kW for QCW Fiber Laser Based on SPF-CCCR
5.2. Optimization of Output Characteristics of Oscillating–Amplifying Integrated Fiber Laser Employing SPF-CCCR
5.3. Bidirectional-Output Fiber Laser Oscillator (2 × 3 kW) Based on SPF-CCCR
5.4. Summary
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Year | Fiber Type | Core/Cladding Diameter | Fiber Length | Power (Average/Peak Power) | Affiliation * | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2008 | TF | 5.6/174–27/834 µm | 10.5 m | 84 W @average | TUT | [31] |
2008 | TF | 6.5/200–27/834 µm | 12 m | 212 W @average | TUT | [64] |
2009 | TF | 10.8/145–65/835 µm | 24 m | 600 W @average | TUT | [65] |
2010 | TF | 15/160–83/880 µm | 6.3 m | 24.3 kW | TUT | [40] |
2010 | TF | 17.7/320–51.6/930 µm | 23.5 m | 750 W @average | TUT | [67] |
2012 | TF | 7.5/120–44μm/700 µm | 18 m | 110 W @average | TUT | [78] |
2013 | TF | 7.5/120–44/700 µm | 18 m | 160 W @average | RAS | [32] |
2014 | TF | 9/145–50/800 µm | 4 m | 60 W/0.4 MW | TUT | [40] |
2015 | TF | 10/80–45/430 µm | 2.1 m | 2.5 MW | RAS | [41] |
2016 | TF | 10/237.1–46.9/579.9 µm | 7 m | 53 W @average | NUDT | [33] |
2016 | TF | 25/250–60/600 µm | 2 m | 10.2 W/340 kW | The Aerospace Corporation | [42] |
2016 | TF | 13–100 µm (core diameter) | 6 m | 5 MW | TUT | [79] |
2017 | TF | 35/250–56/400 µm | 2.8 m | 1.5 MW | INO | [43] |
2017 | TF | 6.9/29–45/190 µm | 68 cm | 11.4 W/167 kW | IPHT | [44] |
2017 | TF | 6.5/53–56/460 µm | 60 cm | 10 W/230 kW | IPHT | [45] |
2017 | TF | 10/72.5–62/450 µm | 2 m | 0.76 MW 22 MW after compression | RAS | [48] |
2017 | TF | 18/145–100/800 µm | 4 m | 5 MW | Ampliconyx Ltd. | [48] |
2017 | TF | 20–67 µm (core diameter) | 2.2 m | 1.5 MW | RAS | [49] |
2017 | TF | 13.2/110–96/792 µm | 70 W @average | Ampliconyx Ltd. | [50] | |
2017 | TF | 9–22 µm (core diameter) | 2.5 m | 120 W @average | ALPhANOV | [34] |
2017 | TF | 35/250 to 56/400 µm | 2.8 m | 100 W @average | INO | [43] |
2017 | TF | 21.2/417.3–30.4/609.6 µm | 33 m | 1470 W @average | NUDT | [80] |
2018 | TF | 20/400–30/600 µm | 33 m | 260 W @average | NUDT | [81] |
2018 | TF | 13.3/110–96/792 µm | 3.6 m | 28 W/292 kW | TUT | [51] |
2018 | TF | 20/237.1–46.9/579.9 µm | 7.2 m | 260 W @average | NUDT | [36] |
2018 | TF | 22.5/90–86/350 µm | 2.5 m | 19 W/107 kW | MIPT | [52] |
2018 | TF | 12/53–45/200 µm | 50 cm | 15.5 W/375 kW | IPHT | [63] |
2019 | TF | 36/250–58/560 µm | 0.74 m | 8.8 W/30 kW | NUDT | [54] |
2019 | TF | 8.6/73–65/550 µm | 2.7 m | 44 W/550 kW | RAS | [55] |
2019 | TF | 22/75–75/256 µm | 3.2 m | 10 MW after compression | RAS | [56] |
2019 | TF | 7.2/57–43/344 µm | 3 m | 71 W/820 kW | RAS | [57] |
2019 | TF | 35/280–100/800 µm | 3.4 m | 55 W @average | Ampliconyx Ltd. | [56] |
2019 | TF | 17/170–49/490 µm | 1.2 m | 2.2 kW @PM, 4 kW @NPM | TU | [82] |
2019 | TF | 36/250–58/560 µm | 0.74 m | 8.8 W/30 kW | NUDT | [83] |
2019 | TF | 20/400–30/600 µm | 33 m | 1700 W @average | NUDT | [84] |
2019 | TF | 20/400–30/600 µm | 22 m | 2170 W @average | NUDT | [85] |
2020 | TF | 15/120–35/285 µm | 2.8 m | 72.5 W @average | TU | [86] |
2020 | TF | 10/100–50/100 µm | 2.5 m | 7.5 W/1.26 MW | SPbPU | [59] |
2020 | TF | 8.5/35.7–52/226.8 µm | 4 cm | 2.3 MW | IPHT | [58] |
2020 | SPF | 20/400–30/600–20/400 µm | 31 m | 1836 W @average | NUDT | [87] |
2020 | SPF | 24.08/400–31/400–23.36/400 µm | 25 m | 2023 W @average | NUDT | [88] |
2020 | SPF | 24.08/400–31/400–23.36/400 µm | 25 m | 3420 W @average | NUDT | [72] |
2020 | SPF | 20/400–30/600–20/400 µm | 30.5 m | 3004 W @average | NUDT | [70] |
2020 | SAF | 30.77/400–23.28/400–30.77/400 µm | 22.8 m | 1300 W @average | NUDT | [71] |
2021 | TF | 31.2/400–52.5/400 µm | 7 m | 364 W @average | HUST | [68] |
2021 | TF | 10/80–45/435 µm | 2.6 m | 97 MW after compression | Lumibird | [60] |
2021 | TF | 10/70–59/432 µm | 2.5 m | 170 kW | CEA | [61] |
2021 | TF | 10/100–50/500 µm | 3 m | 150 W/170 kW | SPbPU | [62] |
2021 | TF | 15/120–35/285 µm | 3 m | 50 W/47 kW | TU | [89] |
2021 | TF | 8/90–44/486 µm | 6.7 m | 64 W @average | TU | [90] |
2021 | TF | 9.5/68–46/330 µm | 2.45 m | 150 W/0.74 MW | RAS | [91] |
2021 | SPF | 22/413–32/600–22/413 µm | 21 m | 4000 W @average | NUDT | [74] |
2021 | SPF | 27/410–39.5/410–27/410 µm | 21 m | 5008 W @average | NUDT | [92] |
2022 | TF | 36.1/249.3–57.8/397.3 µm | 1.27 m | 141 W/1.3 MW | NUDT | [93] |
2022 | SPF | 20/400–30/600–20/400 µm | 19 m | 4180 W @average | NUDT | [75] |
2022 | TF | 35/250–56.2/400 µm | 3.8 m | 694 W @average | NUDT | [94] |
2022 | SPF | 25/400–37.5/600–25/400 µm | 27 m | 4180 W @average | HUST | [76] |
2022 | TF | 24/400–31/400 µm | 16 m | 2704 W @average | HUST | [69] |
2022 | TF | 20/400–30/600 µm | 17 m | 4089 W @average | NUDT | [95] |
2022 | SPF | 20.8/600–36/600–20.3/600 µm | 28.5 m | 2494 W @average | NUDT | [73] |
2022 | SPF | 25/400–37.5/600–25/400 µm | 24 m | 6.4 kW QCW | NUDT | [96] |
2022 | SPF | 25/400–37.5/600–25/400 µm | 24 m | 7.3 kW QCW | NUDT | [97] |
2022 | SPF | 25/400–37.5/600–25/400 µm | 21 m | 6020 W @average | NUDT | [77] |
Fiber | Core Diameter/µm | Cladding Diameter/µm | Length/m |
---|---|---|---|
fiber1 | 20 | 400 | 11 |
fiber2 | 25 | 500 | 11 |
fiber3 | 30 | 600 | 11 |
fiber4 | 20–30–20 | 400–600–400 | 11 |
Parameter | Value | Parameter | Value |
---|---|---|---|
Signal center wavelength | 1080 nm | Pump wavelength | 976 nm |
Length of passive fiber | 10 m | Doping concentration | 1.26 × 1026 m−3 |
Signal range | 1050 nm–1150 nm | Raman range | 1116 nm–1150 nm |
Raman power | indicates signal power) | ||
Raman ratio | |||
Pump configuration and pump power | FP, 5000 W BP, 5000 W BIP, 2500 W for FP and 2500 W for BP |
Fiber | Raman Power (W) | Raman Ratio (×10−5) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
FP | BP | BIP | FP | BP | BIP | |
fiber1 | 2.87 | 0.368 | 0.673 | 59.58 | 7.80 | 14.17 |
fiber2 | 0.20 | 0.051 | 0.089 | 4.09 | 1.08 | 1.89 |
fiber3 | 0.05 | 0.025 | 0.03 | 1.09 | 0.521 | 0.74 |
fiber4 | 0.45 | 0.107 | 0.16 | 9.23 | 2.28 | 3.35 |
Fiber | TMI Threshold | Efficiency | M2 |
---|---|---|---|
TF-CCCR | >2170 W | 79.1% | 2.2 |
CCAF (25/400 µm) | 1046 W | 80.3% | 3.2 |
Section | Core Diameter/µm | Cladding Diameter/µm | Length/m |
---|---|---|---|
L1 | 30.77 | 400 | 1.5 |
SA | 30.77-23.28-30.77 | 400 | 22.8 |
L2 | 30.77 | 400 | 2.7 |
Section | Core Diameter/µm | Cladding Diameter/µm | Length/m |
---|---|---|---|
L1 | 30.0 | 600 | 1.0 |
SA | 30.0-20.8-30.0 | 600 | 32.0 |
L2 | 30.0 | 600 | 1.0 |
Fiber Type | Pump Wavelength/Configuration | Maximum Power | TMI | Fiber Length | SRS | Efficiency | M2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
21/400 µm CCAF | 976 nm /bidirectional | 3050 W | >3050 W | 18 m | −29 dB | 73% | ~1.3 |
SPF | 976 nm /bidirectional | 3004 W | >3004 W | 30.9 m | −34 dB | 78% | ~1.3 |
Fiber Type | Core/Cladding Diameter | Core NA | Average Absorption Coefficient | Length |
---|---|---|---|---|
SPF-CCD | 20-36-20/600 µm | 0.065 | 0.78 dB/m | 28.5 m (11.1 m-6 m-11.4 m) |
CCAF | 28/600 µm | 0.065 | 0.80 dB/m | 27.8 m |
Fiber Type | Fiber Length | Equivalent Core Diameter | Bandwidth (HR/OC) | Pump Configuration | Peak Power | Efficiency | SRS | M2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
30/400 CCAF | 15 m | 30 µm | 4.05/2.05 nm | Bidirectional | 9713 W | 61.6% | >24 dB | 2.40 |
TF-CCCR | 17 m | 25 µm | 3.05/1.98 nm | Counter | 6420 W | 70.6% | 19.8 dB | 1.60 |
SPF-CCCR | 24 m | 32.6 µm | 4.09/1.01 nm | Bidirectional (1:9.2) | 7398 W | 67.0% | 26 dB | 1.43 |
Fiber Parameters | Power | SRS | TMI | M2 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OS | AS | |||||
Ref. [106] | 22/400 µm 7.2 m | 25/400 µm 13.5 m | 5009 W | 14.7 dB | >5009 W | 2.83 |
This work | 22/400 µm 4.32 m | SPF 21.0 m | 6020 W | 18.2 dB | >6060 W | 1.77 |
Fiber Type | Laser Type | Maximum Power/W | Threshold of TMI/W | M2 | SRS/dB |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
TF | CW Amplifier | 6110 | ~5000 | 2.57 | >45 |
SPF | CW Amplifier | 6020 | >6020 | 1.86 | 26.7 |
OAIFL | 6060 | >6060 | 1.78 | 18.2 | |
Bidirectional-output Fiber Laser Oscillator | 6096(3256 + 2840) | >6096 | 1.98/2.38 | >40 | |
SAF | CW Oscillator | 1312 | >1312 | 2.01 | >40 |
CW Amplifier | 1816 | 1797 | 1.50 | >40 |
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Zeng, L.; Wang, X.; Ye, Y.; Wang, L.; Yang, B.; Xi, X.; Wang, P.; Pan, Z.; Zhang, H.; Shi, C.; et al. High Power Ytterbium-Doped Fiber Lasers Employing Longitudinal Vary Core Diameter Active Fibers. Photonics 2023, 10, 147. https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics10020147
Zeng L, Wang X, Ye Y, Wang L, Yang B, Xi X, Wang P, Pan Z, Zhang H, Shi C, et al. High Power Ytterbium-Doped Fiber Lasers Employing Longitudinal Vary Core Diameter Active Fibers. Photonics. 2023; 10(2):147. https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics10020147
Chicago/Turabian StyleZeng, Lingfa, Xiaolin Wang, Yun Ye, Li Wang, Baolai Yang, Xiaoming Xi, Peng Wang, Zhiyong Pan, Hanwei Zhang, Chen Shi, and et al. 2023. "High Power Ytterbium-Doped Fiber Lasers Employing Longitudinal Vary Core Diameter Active Fibers" Photonics 10, no. 2: 147. https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics10020147