Study of Biocrudes Obtained via Hydrothermal Liquefaction (HTL) of Wild Alga Consortium under Different Conditions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Alga Cultivation
2.2. Biocrude Production
2.3. Biocrude Preparation
2.4. Analytical Techniques
2.4.1. Total Organic Carbon (COT) Content in Aqueous Phase
2.4.2. Thermogravimetry Analysis (TGA)
2.4.3. Elemental Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Biomass Composition
3.2. Yields of Products Coming out of HTL
3.3. Biocrude Composition
3.4. Bio-Oil Major Elements
3.5. Bio-Oil Minor Elements
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Harvest Batch Name | Water | Site of Microalga Cultivation | Period of Harvesting |
---|---|---|---|
C1 | Sea | Reference | Winter 2016 |
C2 | Sea | Reference | Spring 2017 |
C3 | Sea | Pilot 1 | Spring 2017 |
C4 | Sea | Pilot 2 | Summer 2017 |
C5 | Sea | Reference | Summer 2017 |
C6 | Sea | Reference | Summer 2017 |
C7 | Sea | Reference | Spring 2018 |
C8 | Sea | Reference | Spring 2018 |
C9 | Fresh | Pilot 2 | Summer 2018 |
C10 | Fresh | Pilot 1 | Summer 2018 |
C11 | Sea | Pilot 3 | Summer 2018 |
C12 | Sea | Reference | Spring 2018 |
C13 | Fresh | Pilot 1 | Winter 2018 |
Harvest Batch Name | % Dissolved Matter | Processed Volume (mL) | Flow Rate (mL/h) |
---|---|---|---|
C1 | 5% | 4500 | 2000 |
C2 | 13% | 4000 | 2000 |
C3 | 12% | 2869 | 2000 |
C4 | 8% | 3400 | 1500 |
C5 | 9% | 7800 | 1500 |
C6 | 8% | 8000 | 1500 |
C7 | 7% | 12,400 | 1500 |
C8 | 7% | 8500 | 1500 |
C9 | 9% | 9710 | 1500 |
C10 | 14% | 8056 | 1500 |
C11 | 15% | 2605 | 1500 |
C12 | 8% | 8000 | 1500 |
C13-1 | 9% | 14,265 | 1700 |
C13-2 | 7.4% | 8300 | 1700 |
C13-3 | 6% | 6255 | 1500 |
C13-4 | 8% | 9980 | 1700 |
Harvest Batch Name | % Dry Matter | % Mineral Mater MS | % Lipid | % Protein | % Carbohydrate |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
C1 | 5% | 68% | 25.7 | 12.6 | 61.7 |
C2 | 13% | 36% | 18.9 | 29.7 | 51.4 |
C3 | 12% | 29% | 19.9 | 10.1 | 70.0 |
C4 | 8% | 31% | 15.9 | 17.9 | 66.3 |
C5 | 9% | 38% | 18.9 | 7.1 | 74.0 |
C6 | 8% | 47% | 18.9 | 26.7 | 54.4 |
C7 | 7% | 31% | 13.0 | 29.4 | 57.7 |
C8 | 7% | 33% | 13.0 | 21.7 | 65.3 |
C9 | 9% | 12% | 20.9 | 41.6 | 37.5 |
C10 | 14% | - | 16.7 | 39.5 | 43.8 |
C11 | 15% | 39% | 18.3 | 48.3 | 37.5 |
C12 | 7% | 36% | 13.0 | 37.1 | 50.0 |
C13 | 14% | 16% | 19.3 | 39.6 | 41.1 |
C13-1 | 9% | 16% | 19.3 | 39.6 | 41.1 |
C13-2 | 7% | 16% | 19.3 | 39.6 | 41.1 |
C13-3 | 6% | 17% | 19.3 | 39.6 | 41.1 |
C13-4 | 8% | 16% | 19.3 | 39.6 | 41.1 |
Bio-Oil (Toluene Soluble) | Char (Toluene Insoluble) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Harvest Batch Name | Bio-Oil Light Fraction (%) | Bio-Oil Heavy Fraction (%) | Char Light Fraction (%) | Coke (%) | Inorganics (%) |
C2 | 41.4 | 13.1 | 9.7 | 3.1 | 33.5 |
C3 | 65.5 | 11.5 | 9.6 | 5.7 | 7.4 |
C4 | 29.7 | 9.5 | 19.5 | 8.0 | 33.3 |
C5 | 44.0 | 14.5 | 10.2 | 4.0 | 29.2 |
C6 | 57.4 | 12.1 | 12.2 | 11.0 | 6.9 |
C7 | 49.2 | 13.6 | 16.2 | 9.3 | 10.6 |
C8 | 60.4 | 19.4 | 8.4 | 5.9 | 5.3 |
C9 | 57.9 | 11.9 | 18.4 | 9.9 | 1.4 |
C10 | 43.1 | 7.8 | 21.7 | 8.1 | 18.7 |
C11 | 16.2 | 3.1 | 24.9 | 16.5 | 38.5 |
C12 | 48.7 | 11.2 | 19.5 | 10.1 | 8.9 |
C13-1 * | 40.4 | 7.0 | 16.9 | 5.1 | 30.6 |
C13-2 * | 36.9 | 4.8 | 22.6 | 6.7 | 28.6 |
C13-3 * | 43.0 | 7.5 | 16.7 | 4.8 | 27.6 |
C13-4 * | 38.0 | 7.7 | 17.7 | 5.4 | 30.7 |
Harvest Batch Name | C (wt.%) | H (wt.%) | O (wt.%) | N (wt.%) | S (wt.%) | H/C (mol.%/mol.%) | N/C (mol.%/mol.%) | O/C (mol.%/mol.%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C2 | 73.5 | 9.0 | 9.7 | 4.4 | 0.3 | 1.46 | 0.05 | 0.10 |
C3 | 73.3 | 9.4 | 11.3 | 3.5 | 0.3 | 1.53 | 0.04 | 0.12 |
C4 | 73.8 | 9.3 | 9.7 | 3.7 | 1.2 | 1.50 | 0.04 | 0.10 |
C5 | 71.5 | 8.7 | 9.0 | 3.5 | 0.3 | 1.45 | 0.04 | 0.09 |
C6 | 74.9 | 9.5 | 10.6 | 2.5 | 0.2 | 1.51 | 0.03 | 0.11 |
C7 | 73.7 | 8.4 | 9.1 | 3.6 | 0.9 | 1.36 | 0.04 | 0.09 |
C8 | 74.1 | 8.4 | 9.5 | 4.0 | 1.3 | 1.35 | 0.05 | 0.10 |
C9 | 73.9 | 9.2 | 10.3 | 4.8 | 1.4 | 1.48 | 0.06 | 0.10 |
C10 | 74.5 | 9.6 | 9.5 | 4.1 | 0.3 | 1.54 | 0.05 | 0.10 |
C10 gasoline | 84.7 | 8.9 | 5.2 * | 1.1 | 0.08 | 1.25 | 0.01 | 0.05 |
C10 diesel | 69.4 | 9.5 | 15.1 | 4.9 | 0.5 | 1.63 | 0.06 | 0.16 |
C11 | 73.4 | 9.2 | 10.2 | 4.7 | 1.3 | 1.49 | 0.05 | 0.10 |
C12 | 75.1 | 9.1 | 9.9 | 4.3 | 0.5 | 1.44 | 0.05 | 0.10 |
C13-1 | 75.0 | 10.0 | 9.4 | 4.8 | 0.5 | 1.59 | 0.05 | 0.09 |
C13-2 | 75.9 | 10.3 | 8.8 | 3.7 | 0.5 | 1.62 | 0.04 | 0.09 |
C13-3 | 77.9 | 9.9 | 8.8 | 3.1 | 0.5 | 1.51 | 0.03 | 0.08 |
C13-4 | 76.0 | 10.3 | 8.6 | 4.2 | 0.4 | 1.61 | 0.05 | 0.08 |
Harvest Batch Name | Element Concentration in mg·kg−1 | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Al | Ca | Co | Cu | Fe | K | Mg | Na | Ni | P | Si | |
C2 | 14.5 | 490 | 7 | 41.8 | 222 | 4.5 | 1688 | 150 | 9.4 | 382 | 16.2 |
C3 | 3 | 1214 | 4.4 | 34.9 | 359 | 4.5 | 1682 | 240 | 12.8 | 70.3 | 15.7 |
C4 | 5.8 | 322 | 15.2 | 70.3 | 3116 | <4 | 206 | 248 | 26.5 | 66 | <5 |
Water-washed C4 | 1.4 | 14 | 5.6 | 27.2 | 1187 | <4 | 2.1 | 73.9 | 10.4 | 18 | 38.2 |
C5 | 23.8 | 282 | 9 | 59.1 | 461 | <4 | 1657 | 152 | 14.2 | 87.6 | 31.3 |
C6 | 3.8 | 104 | 5.7 | 78.8 | 210 | <4 | 549 | 261 | 21.5 | 111 | <5.0 |
C7 | 14.4 | 359 | 3.7 | 36.4 | 222 | <4 | 501 | 422 | 38.9 | 218 | 42.5 |
C8 | 16.2 | 369 | 2.6 | 18.2 | 138 | <4 | 621 | 138 | 11.3 | 169 | 20.2 |
C9 | <3 | 7.3 | 5.8 | 82.1 | 170 | <4 | 4.9 | 218 | 16.5 | 40 | 14.4 |
C10 | 5.2 | 317 | 10.2 | 111 | 537 | <4 | 40.4 | 437 | 27.1 | 409 | 392 |
C11 | 3.4 | <5.0 | 13.9 | 17.1 | 918 | <4 | <2.0 | 328 | 15.8 | 138 | 847 |
C12 | 11.4 | 466 | <5.0 | 42.8 | 154 | <4 | 499 | 240 | 11.4 | 304 | 116 |
C13-1 | 6.7 | <5 | 16.7 | 200 | 2381 | <4 | <2 | 286 | 51.1 | 622 | 618 |
C13-2 | 6.3 | 14.2 | 18.1 | 181 | 1263 | <4 | 7.7 | 286 | 58.7 | 893 | 543 |
C13-3 | 5.1 | <5 | 13.1 | 121 | 1167 | <4 | <2 | 169 | 31.6 | 757 | 413 |
C13-4 | 7.6 | 5.7 | 17.4 | 175 | 1634 | <4 | 3.7 | 275 | 45.4 | 902 | 579 |
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Barrère-Mangote, C.; Roubaud, A.; Bouyssiere, B.; Maillard, J.; Hertzog, J.; Maître, J.L.; Hubert-Roux, M.; Sassi, J.-F.; Afonso, C.; Giusti, P. Study of Biocrudes Obtained via Hydrothermal Liquefaction (HTL) of Wild Alga Consortium under Different Conditions. Processes 2021, 9, 1494. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9091494
Barrère-Mangote C, Roubaud A, Bouyssiere B, Maillard J, Hertzog J, Maître JL, Hubert-Roux M, Sassi J-F, Afonso C, Giusti P. Study of Biocrudes Obtained via Hydrothermal Liquefaction (HTL) of Wild Alga Consortium under Different Conditions. Processes. 2021; 9(9):1494. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9091494
Chicago/Turabian StyleBarrère-Mangote, Caroline, Anne Roubaud, Brice Bouyssiere, Julien Maillard, Jasmine Hertzog, Johann Le Maître, Marie Hubert-Roux, Jean-Francois Sassi, Carlos Afonso, and Pierre Giusti. 2021. "Study of Biocrudes Obtained via Hydrothermal Liquefaction (HTL) of Wild Alga Consortium under Different Conditions" Processes 9, no. 9: 1494. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9091494