1. Introduction
The wave of cross-boundary cooperation and deep integration triggered by the new generation of information technology has penetrated into many fields of industry and enterprise operation [
1,
2]. In this complex and turbulent environment, if the competitive strategy, management system, and technical model that brought advantages to enterprises in the past are difficult to adapt to the needs of the new competitive environment, they often become the “core rigidity” restricting enterprise development, and the signal accidental innovation or short-time innovation cannot promote enterprises’ sustainable growth [
3]. Sustainable innovation characterized by openness and dynamics has become an important strategy to improve the survival rate, vitality, and high-quality development of enterprises, particularly for manufacturing enterprises that are climbing to the middle and high-end position of the “smile curve” of the industrial value chain [
4,
5].
Sustainable innovation is a complex systematic project that requires continuous factor investment and reconfiguration of various capabilities [
6,
7]. However, due to the complexity of innovation and the interdisciplinary nature of knowledge, most innovation resources are distributed outside the boundaries of the organization [
8]. Therefore, cross-boundary search and integration of internal and external multidimensional innovation resources to reconstruct enterprise business processes and core competence systems have become the third way to improve the sustainable competitive advantage of enterprises in addition to internal R&D and external merger [
9,
10]. Therefore, studying the process of “how boundary-spanning search affects enterprise sustainable innovation” has become an urgent and valuable research topic.
Scholars have studied the concepts, influencing factors, and relationships related to sustainable innovation and boundary-spanning search. Clausen proposed that sustainable innovation is when enterprises constantly update and integrate technology, market, and management knowledge and other resources to obtain a competitive advantage [
11]. Wassenhove emphasized that sustainable innovation is a complex system, which requires enterprise technologies, systems, processes, and supporting resources to break through traditional operating habits and create new competitive advantages through continuous collision and integration [
12]. Some scholars have also studied the key factors affecting sustainable innovation and put forward means and mechanisms to improve enterprise sustainable innovation, such as increasing R&D inputs [
13], listening to customers [
14], and improving catch-up ability [
15]. Other scholars have found that, in the era of the digital economy, alliances and cooperation among enterprises are common. Therefore, enterprise sustainable innovation is driven not only by endogenous variables but also by external factors. Enterprises can obtain sustainable competitiveness by optimizing the innovation environment [
16], building multiple knowledge cooperation networks [
17], and implementing boundary-spanning search strategies [
18].
Of these factors, the boundary-spanning search for heterogeneous knowledge is considered a critical factor of enterprise sustainable innovation, and it has attracted the research interest of many scholars in recent years. Miceli stressed that boundary-spanning search can bring valuable innovative elements to an organization and improve its strategic agility and prosperity [
19]. Sidhu noted that with the expansion of the search scope, enterprises are no longer satisfied with only using the upstream and downstream knowledge of the supply chain and local information; enterprises now tend to search for heterogeneous knowledge and capability modules across geospatial boundaries [
20]. Therefore, studying the impact of search knowledge from different sources on enterprise sustainable innovation can provide valuable insights. Other scholars have argued that the impact of boundary-spanning search on sustainable innovation is not direct but occurs indirectly through other variables, such as reconstruction ability [
21,
22], opportunity identification [
23], R&D orientation [
24], and technology status [
25]. Enterprise capability reconfiguration is regarded as an intermediary “bridge” for boundary-spanning search to affect sustainable innovation [
26,
27]. Therefore, revealing the mediating role of capability reconfiguration between boundary-spanning search and enterprise sustainable innovation is particularly significant. The study also found that leading manufacturing enterprises integrated into the digital economy actively, so information and technology (IT) not only provided real-time technical support for enterprises to embed innovation networks and acquire external knowledge [
28] but also offered modern governance methods for enterprise internal and external relationship management [
29,
30]. Therefore, introducing IT governance as a situational variable to clarify whether IT governance plays a mediating role in boundary-spanning search and capability reconfiguration can enrich and improve the enterprise sustainable innovation model.
In summary, when tracking the development process of Chinese manufacturing enterprises in the past 30 years, we found that the common characteristics of leading manufacturing enterprises were sustainable progress, continuous transformation, and self-transcendence. They integrated into the digital economy actively, connected domestic and foreign enterprises widely, and carried out boundary-spanning search and capability reconfiguration continuously, so as to promote the sustainable process of innovation. However, the existing literature on how manufacturing enterprises affect the process of enterprise sustainable innovation through boundary-spanning search is still relatively weak. Therefore, this study takes manufacturing enterprises as the research objects and explores the path and mechanism of the effects of boundary-spanning search on sustainable innovation in enterprises from the perspective of organizational search and capability reconstruction to reveal the intermediary role of capability reconfiguration between boundary-spanning search and enterprise sustainable innovation and clarify the moderating role of IT governance. This study can enrich the innovation search theory, broaden the research vision of the driving factors of sustainable innovation in manufacturing enterprises, and open the “black box” of how the external knowledge is internalized and applied to the new knowledge creation. The research also provides the theoretical guidance for enterprises to break through knowledge limitations and capacity constraints in order to effectively improve sustainable innovation performance through boundary-spanning search strategies.
3. Research Methods
In this study, SPSS 22.0 and AMOS 22.0 statistical software were used to analyze the sample distribution, the reliability and validity of variables, and the statistics and correlation of variables. Then, multiple linear regression analysis and structural equation model analysis were used to analyze the mechanism by which boundary-spanning search, capability reconfiguration, and IT governance act on enterprise sustainable innovation.
3.1. Sample and Data Collection
After tracking the development process of leading manufacturing enterprises in emerging economies, we found that the common characteristics of these enterprises were sustainable innovation and continuous self-transcendence. This study focused on the impact of boundary-spanning search on the sustainable innovation of manufacturing enterprises in emerging economies. Therefore, questionnaires were distributed to Chinese manufacturing enterprises with active innovation intentions, primarily including manufacturing enterprises in the electronic information, biomedicine, automotive, aerospace, and high-end equipment manufacturing industries. To ensure the quality of the survey, the questionnaires were primarily distributed to middle and senior managers who are familiar with the overall situation of the company, and the respondents were required to have a sufficient understanding of enterprise innovation activities.
The questionnaire was predominantly distributed through EMBA students and alumni of Shanghai Jiaotong University and Tongji University, and it was primarily collected through on-site filling, online filling, and e-mail. From October 2020 to March 2021, 580 questionnaires were distributed, and 269 valid questionnaires were recovered, with an effective recovery rate of 57.60%. Among these, 375 questionnaires were distributed on-site, of which 314 questionnaires were recovered and 159 questionnaires were deemed valid (approximately 50.64% rate of effective recovery); 78 questionnaires were distributed via e-mail, of which 62 questionnaires were recovered and 38 questionnaires were considered as valid (about 61.29% rate of effective recovery) [
62]; and 127 questionnaires were distributed via network, of which 108 questionnaires were recovered and 72 questionnaires were considered as valid (about 66.67% rate of effective recovery). The details of sample distribution and recovery are shown in
Table 1.
According to the responses regarding the industries to which the enterprises belonged, the electronic information industry accounted for 27.88% of the total, the biomedical industry accounted for 26.76%, the automotive and aerospace industry accounted for 20.82%, the equipment manufacturing industry accounted for 14.50%, and other industries accounted for 10.04%. The specific conditions of the enterprise sample in this study are presented in
Table 2.
3.2. Variable Measurement
All variables in this study were measured using a maturity scale widely applied by many scholars and improved through on-site interviews. All measurement indicators were scored by the Likert five-point scoring method (from 1 = strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree).
(1) Measurement of the independent variable boundary-spanning search. We used the study by Sidhu [
20] to measure the boundary-spanning search. The scale included 12 items, and its primary purpose was to reflect the current situation of enterprise supply-side, demand-side, and cross-regional searches.
(2) Measurement of the dependent variable enterprise sustainable innovation performance. Since enterprise sustainable innovation was a dynamic variable, we referred to the scales of Deschryvere [
41] and Triguero [
42] and selected five items to reflect the degree of enterprise sustainable innovation. We mainly adopted indicators that can reflect the growth rate of the enterprise’s innovation input and output compared with the previous year, such as the growth rate of R&D personnel and the growth rate of new product sales revenue; we also adopted indicators that can reflect the relative growth rate of the enterprise’s innovation investment and innovation achievements compared with the industry competitors, such as R&D investment, number of patent applications, and the growth rate of new market share.
(3) Measurement of the mediating variable capability reconfiguration. We primarily referred to the scales of Konlechner [
26] and Subramanian [
44] to measure enterprise capability reconfiguration. There were four items in the scale, which required respondents to objectively evaluate the enterprise capability renewal, replacement, redeployment, and upgrading [
44].
(4) Measurement of the moderating variable IT governance. We mainly adopted the scales of Chi [
29] and John [
63] to measure the IT governance of enterprises. The scale includes four items, namely the diversification of information channels, standardization of information storage, platform creation of information diffusion, and modularization of information application.
Because larger and older enterprises may have accumulated greater absolute amounts of innovation resources, scale and age may affect the innovation achievements of the enterprise [
64]. Therefore, this study took the scale and age of the enterprises as control variables.
3.3. Reliability and Validity Analyses
SPSS 22.0 and AMOS 22.0 statistical software were used to test the reliability and validity of the variables. By observing the data of analysis, it can be seen that the Cronbach’s α values between each variable exceed the critical value of 0.70, indicating that the questionnaire exhibits sufficient reliability. The scales used in this study referred to the mature scale that has been used, and they were improved through on-site interviews. Thus, the content validity of the scale was also sufficient. Confirmatory factor analysis was performed on the scale; the standardized factor load of each variable was greater than 0.50, the average variance extraction (AVE) value was greater than 0.50, and the combined reliability value was greater than 0.60, indicating that the scale had convergence validity. Through confirmatory factor analysis, this study also found that the square root of each variable AVE value was greater than the Pearson correlation coefficient of its row and column, indicating that the scale had discriminate validity [
65]. Compared with other competition models, this study found that an integration model with six factors exhibited the optimal fitting effect, as shown in
Table 3 (the fitting indexes are as follows: χ
2/Df = 1.534, GFI = 0.923, CFI = 0.907, TLI = 0.950, and RMSEA = 0.047), demonstrating that the six variables in the model exhibit sufficient discriminate validity and belong to different constructs.
5. Discussion
5.1. Results Discussion
When tracking the development process of Chinese manufacturing enterprises in the past 30 years, we found that the common characteristics of leading manufacturing enterprises were sustainable innovation, continuous transformation, and self-transcendence. They integrated into the digital economy actively, connected domestic and foreign enterprises widely, and carried out boundary-spanning search and capability reconfiguration continuously, so as to promote the sustainable process of innovation. Therefore, based on innovation search theory, this study explored the mechanisms of boundary-spanning search affecting enterprise sustainable innovation, verified the mediating effect of capability reconfiguration and the moderating effect of IT governance, and obtained the following research conclusions:
(1) Boundary-spanning search (including supply-side, demand-side, and cross-regional searches) positively and significantly impacted enterprise sustainable innovation; however, the effects of the three search types were different. This may be because the cost and implementation difficulty of supply-side and demand-side searches are lower than those of cross-regional searches; thus, supply-side and demand-side searches play a greater role in promoting enterprise sustainable innovation. Cross-regional searches can bring more valuable market information and complementary technical knowledge to enterprises. However, they are more difficult to implement, and the cost of communication and coordination is higher. Therefore, in the earlier stage, enterprises tend to adopt more local search strategies. By forming partnerships with suppliers, scientific research institutes, and customers near the primary operating location, the enterprise can search for advanced technologies. Taking advantage of the trust accumulated over time through interactions, enterprises can find favorable business opportunities and promote sustainable innovation. When the enterprise grows to a certain size and the global market becomes the primary competitive landscape, the enterprise can transfer the search center to global value networks and cross-regional partners. This research conclusion is consistent with the view that “local search serves as a springboard for international search of late developing enterprises” put forward by Huggins [
56].
(2) Capability reconfiguration is the intermediary bridge between boundary-spanning search and enterprise sustainable innovation. Through the mediating test, we found that the impact of boundary-spanning search on enterprise sustainable innovation was partly realized through capability reconfiguration. Capability reconfiguration is critical for enterprises to replace, repair, and redeploy their capability system and innovative elements. Particularly in recent years, the innovation resources required for enterprises have become more modular, and it is common to participate in modular cooperative innovation for enterprises. Hence, enterprises should pay greater attention to the reconfiguration of core competencies, which is the key to promoting enterprise sustainable innovation. This research conclusion is consistent with the statement by Utoyo that “sustainable innovation comes from the reconstruction, iteration and renewal of enterprise core competence” [
16].
(3) IT governance exhibits a positive moderating effect on the relationship between boundary-spanning search and capability reconfiguration, particularly the moderating effect on cross-regional search and capability reconfiguration. This result demonstrates that with an improvement in the enterprise IT governance level, boundary-spanning search enhances enterprise capability reconfiguration. When enterprises seek heterogeneous knowledge through cross-regional search, effective IT governance is needed to encode, transmit, and spread novel knowledge to promote the iteration and sublimation of the enterprise core competitiveness. This finding is consistent with the view put forward by Chi that “IT governance structure promotes the core value creation of organization” [
29].
5.2. Theoretical Contributions
This study has the following theoretical contributions: (1) When enterprise sustainable innovation occurs in an open and interactive environment, from the perspective of multidimensional knowledge search, supply-side, demand-side, and cross-regional searches can improve enterprise sustainable innovation performance. These results enrich the classification research of organizational boundary-spanning search and expand the driving factors of enterprise sustainable innovation. (2) This study verified the intermediary role of enterprise capability reconfiguration and determined the decisive role of capability reconfiguration in improving enterprise sustainable innovation. It also revealed how external diversified knowledge affects the “black box” of the enterprise sustainable innovation intermediary mechanism through capability reconfiguration. (3) This study revealed the positive moderating effect of IT governance on the relationship between boundary-spanning search and capability reconfiguration, further enriching the research on enterprise IT governance and providing a situational boundary for enterprises to adopt a boundary-spanning search strategy and improve the level of knowledge reconfiguration in the information age.
5.3. Managerial Enlightenment
The research conclusions lead to the following recommendations for enhanced enterprise sustainable innovation management:
(1) Enterprises should pay attention to their application of boundary-spanning search strategy. In an open innovation environment, boundary-spanning search is strategically significant for enterprises. It increases the stock, diversification, and novelty of enterprise knowledge; promotes the reconstruction of high-level enterprise ability; and fundamentally supports sustainable innovation. Manufacturing enterprises can formulate policies and strategies for supply-side, demand-side, and cross-regional searches according to the internal and external environmental conditions and internal knowledge resource base. For example, enterprises can form alliances and cooperation networks among supply chains, industrial chains, and international enterprises; establish knowledge sharing and information exchange platforms among organizations; and improve knowledge coding and storage mechanisms. With a change in the external environment, enterprises should promptly update the resource search type, save the retrieved knowledge, and form a standardized knowledge base to provide sufficient supporting resources for enterprise capability reconfiguration.
(2) Enterprises should also pay attention to the dynamic reconfiguration of their capability. The scarcity of innovation resources forces enterprise managers to dynamically balance and reconstruct existing and new resources and internal and external resources. However, relevant studies demonstrate that most Chinese enterprises have an insufficient reconfiguration capability. Due to organizational inertia, many enterprises remain in the low-level stage of “taking and using”. Therefore, enterprises must cultivate dynamic reconfiguration ability. Enterprise managers can change the organizational structure, incentive mechanism, corporate culture, participant skills, and strategic agility to promote the renewal, reconstruction, and upgrade of enterprise capability, which is vital for enterprises to obtain a long-term competitive advantage.
(3) The IT governance level of enterprises should be improved. Enterprises should establish diversified information channels and standardized information coding rules and actively apply IT governance to internal and external relationship management and knowledge network integration. In addition, enterprises can establish a platform for information dissemination, allowing IT governance to serve as the alliance and cooperation strategy among enterprises; provide services for external information retrieval and internal information storage and flow; and play a critical role in value creation, risk control, and strategic synergy.
5.4. Limitations and Future Research
There are some limitations of this study. First, boundary-spanning searches, including supply-side, demand-side, and cross-regional searches, exert different influences on enterprise sustainable innovation, and whether there are any interactions among the three types of searches requires clarification through further research. Second, this study only discussed the impact of boundary-spanning search on enterprise sustainable innovation from the perspective of enterprise capability reconfiguration. However, there may be other mediating variables, such as network location, system catch-up ability, and strategic agility, affecting enterprise sustainable innovation. Therefore, future research can comprehensively consider these variables to improve the theoretical research towards enterprise sustainable innovation. Third, this study mainly uses the panel data of manufacturing enterprises. However, enterprise sustainable innovation is a dynamic process, and the cross-sectional data collected through the questionnaire may have insufficient explanatory power. Therefore, researchers can track typical cases vertically in the future or expand the data collection batches and introduce time series analysis to make the research conclusions more universal and instructive.