Jack Bean Development in Multimetal Contaminated Soil Amended with Coffee Waste-Derived Biochars
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results and Discussion
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Attribute | GR | PCM |
Total Carbon (C) (%) | 62.3 | 69.3 |
Organic carbon (OC) % | 31.9 | 38.5 |
pH (water 1:10) | 9.5 | 9.6 |
Phosphorus (P) (g kg−1) | 1.6 | 1.5 |
Potassium (K) (g kg−1) | 2.7 | 55 |
Calcium (Ca) (g kg−1) | 40 | 4.6 |
Cation exchange capacity (CEC) (mmolc kg−1) | 34.4 | 275.8 |
Specific surface area (SSA) (m2 g−1) | 45 | 32 |
OC | pH | H + Al | P | Ca | Mg | K | S | B |
g dm−3 | (CaCl2) | mmolc dm−3 | mg dm−3 | mmolc dm−3 | —— mg dm−3 —— | |||
11 | 5.9 | 20 | 45 | 44 | 16 | 4 | 22 | 0.1 |
Zn | Cu | Mn | Ni | Cd | Pb | Sand | Silt | Clay |
—————————— mg dm−3 —————————— | ————— % ————— | |||||||
1901 | 46 | 200.6 | 0.1 | 13.1 | 383 | 24.3 | 50.4 | 25.3 |
Trat | Collect | OC | pH | P | K | Ca | Mg | H + Al |
g dm−3 | - | mg dm−3 | ————— mmolc dm−3 ————— | |||||
CT | Before planting | 11.4 a (B) | 6.1 c (A) | 76.3 b (A) | 3.4 c (A) | 55.8 b (A) | 22.9 a (A) | 16.4 a (A) |
CaCO3 | 11.0 ab (B) | 6.5 b (A) | 74.3 b (A) | 3.5 bc A | 74.8 a (A) | 19.2 b (A) | 12.0 b (B) | |
GR | 10.5 b (B) | 6.6 b (A) | 87.4 a (A) | 4.3 b A | 77.5 a (B) | 18.9 b (A) | 11.2 b (B) | |
PCM | 10.7 ab (B) | 7.1 a (A) | 86.6 a (A) | 21.1 ab | 42.5 c (A) | 14.8 c (A) | 7.5 c (B) | |
VC (%) | 3.49 | 0.68 | 2.56 | 1.14 | 3.03 | 4.43 | 3.36 | |
CT | After harvest | 12.6 a (A) | 5.8 c (B) | 62.0 b (B) | 3.0 b (A) | 49.7 c (B) | 19.3 a (B) | 17.8 a (A) |
CaCO3 | 12.5 a (A) | 6.3 b (B) | 67.0 ab (B) | 1.7 c (B) | 71.0 b (A) | 18.3 a (A) | 14.5 b (A) | |
GR | 12.6 a (A) | 6.3 b (B) | 73.0 a (B) | 2.3 bc (B) | 90.7 a (A) | 18.3 a (A) | 13.0 b (A) | |
PCM | 11.6 b (A) | 6.8 a (B) | 73.8 a (B) | 22.0 a (A) | 48.8 c (A) | 16.0 b (A) | 9.5 c (A) | |
VC (%) | 3.39 | 2.42 | 7.16 | 7.8 | 8.9 | 5.61 | 10.06 | |
B | Cu | Fe | Mn | Zn | C d | P b | ||
———————————— mg dm−3 ———————————— | ||||||||
CT | Before planting | 0.15 a (B) | 45.62 a (A) | 36.41 a (B) | 202.06 a (A) | 1930.82 a (A) | 13.83 a (A) | 383.93 a (A) |
CaCO3 | 0.15 a (B) | 40.44 a (A) | 30.73 a (A) | 162.70 b (A) | 1553.33 b (A) | 12.33 b (A) | 344.77 b (A) | |
GR | 0.29 a (B) | 32.55 b (A) | 27.05 a (A) | 133.82 c (A) | 1310.44 c (A) | 10.19 c (A) | 274.01 c (B) | |
PCM | 0.78 a (A) | 27.13 b (A) | 24.12 a (A) | 115.88 d (A) | 1101.56 d (A) | 9.26 c (A) | 270.03 c (A) | |
VC(%) | 10.58 | 7.91 | 21.64 | 2.25 | 5.12 | 4.88 | 4.33 | |
CT | After harvest | 0.3 b (A) | 45.2 a (A) | 45.17 a (A) | 181.12 a (B) | 1882.80 a (A) | 13.61 a (A) | 378.12 a (A) |
CaCO3 | 0.3 b (A) | 41.02 ab (A) | 31.38 b (A) | 157.21 b (A) | 1570.24 b (A) | 12.53 b (A) | 338.01 b (A) | |
GR | 0.4 ab (A) | 36.24 b (A) | 34.31 b (A) | 140.38 c (A) | 1390.00 c (A) | 10.61 c (A) | 294.56 c (A) | |
PCM | 0.6 a (B) | 28.88 c (A) | 17.67 c (A) | 119.40 d (A) | 1198.79 d (A) | 9.46 d (A) | 285.57 c (A) | |
VC (%) | 25.7 | 7.36 | 11.4 | 3.7 | 5.47 | 4.39 | 3.81 |
Trat | Collect | pH | DOC | ————————— Cations ———————— | ||||
K+ | Ca2+ | Mg2+ | Zn2+ | Cd2+ | ||||
———————————— mg L−1 ——————————— | ||||||||
CT | 6.7 c (A) | 12.5 bc (A) | 20.7 b (A) | 159.6 c (A) | 97.8 b (A) | 50.1 a (A) | 0.2 a | |
CaCO3 | 1ª | 7.1 b (B) | 22.2 b (A) | 23.9 b (A) | 391.2 a (A) | 112.5 a (A) | 8.9 b (A) | 0.1 b |
GR | (6 days) | 7.3 b (B) | 11.6 c (A) | 32.6 b (A) | 218.1 b (A) | 85.3 c (A) | 6.2 c (A) | <0.01 |
PCM | 8.6 a (AB) | 83.0 a (B) | 1094 a (A) | 28.6 d (A) | 10.1 d (A) | 0.2 d (A) | <0.01 | |
VC (%) | 0.97 | 4.9 | 15.2 | 22.61 | 11.86 | 6.7 | 14.81 | |
CT | 6.5 c (A) | 8.7 b (A) | 8.0 b (A) | 30.7 b (B) | 13.5 a (B) | 4.4 a (C) | <0.01 | |
CaCO3 | 2ª | 7.4 b (A) | 15.3 b (A) | 9.6 b (A) | 82.2 a (B) | 15.5 a (A) | 1.5 b (C) | <0.01 |
GR | (30 days) | 7.4 b (AB) | 8.5 b (A) | 6.2 b (A) | 49.4 ab (B) | 12.3 ab (A) | 1.4 b (B) | <0.01 |
PCM | 8.7 a (A) | 109.1 a (A) | 354.2 a (B) | 5.6 b (A) | 2.6 b (A) | 0.3 b (A) | <0.01 | |
VC (%) | 1.31 | 23.7 | 35.02 | 8.73 | 18.38 | 16.17 | - | |
CT | 6.6 c (AB) | 10.5 b (A) | 7.3 a (A) | 34.6 ab (B) | 18.1 a (B) | 7.3 a (B) | <0.01 | |
CaCO3 | 3ª | 7.4 b (A) | 12.8 b (A) | 4.3 a (A) | 26.4 ab (C) | 6.9 b (A) | 2.7 b (B) | <0.01 |
GR | (60 days) | 7.5 b (A) | 8.6 b (A) | 6.1 a (A) | 58.4 a (B) | 19.5 a (A) | 0.9 c (B) | <0.01 |
PCM | 8.5 a (B) | 38.3 a (C) | 14.3 a (C) | 5.2 b (A) | 2.2 b (A) | 0.5 c (A) | <0.01 | |
VC (%) | 2.36 | 24.59 | 16.33 | 13.92 | 15.31 | 11.55 | - |
Trat | Plant | K | P | S | Ca | Mg | ||
part | ——————————————mg pot−1—————————————— | |||||||
CT | Shoot | 54.41 c | 9.25 c | 14.42 b | 15.09 c | 6.5 c | ||
CaCO3 | 216.68 b | 11.82 b c | 64.3 a | 273.43 a | 48.0 a | |||
GR | 188.39 b | 14.38 b | 61.62 a | 146.13 b | 33.23 b | |||
PCM | 1450.91 a | 21.52 a | 62.45 a | 151.28 b | 29.85 b | |||
VC (%) | 11.39 | 13.53 | 8.27 | 7.66 | 8.45 | |||
B | Mn | Fe | Cu | Zn | Cd | Pb | ||
——————————————mg pot−1—————————————— | ||||||||
CT | Shoot | 0.03 d (A) | 0.07 d (A) | 0.15 c (B) | <0.01 | 3.89 c (A) | 0.01 c (A) | 0.01 a (B) |
CaCO3 | 0.13 c (A) | 0.44 b (A) | 0.46 b (B) | <0.01 | 7.11 b (A) | 0.07 b (B) | 0.01 a (B) | |
GR | 0.25 b (A) | 0.19 c (A) | 0.34 b (A) | <0.01 | 8.0 a b (A) | 0.06 b (A) | 0.01 a (B) | |
PCM | 0.57 a (A) | 1.01 a (A) | 0.89 a (A) | <0.01 | 8.81 a (A) | 0.11 a (A) | 0.02 a (B) | |
VC (%) | 10.17 | 16.78 | 10.67 | - | 7.79 | 10.62 | 40.57 | |
CT | Root | 0.01 a (A) | 0.01 a (A) | 0.34 b (A) | 0.04 c | 3.35 b (A) | 0.01 c (A) | 0.06 c (A) |
CaCO3 | 0.02 a (B) | 0.04 a (B) | 0.73 a (A) | 0.05 b | 5.8 a (B) | 0.06 a (B) | 0.11 b (A) | |
GR | 0.03 a (B) | 0.03 a (B) | 0.02 c (B) | 0.06 ab | 3.58 b (B) | 0.04 b (B) | 0.13 b (A) | |
PCM | 0.03 a (B) | 0.08 a (B) | 0.03 c (B) | 0.06 a | 5.07 a (B) | 0.05 a (B) | 0.20 a (A) | |
VC (%) | 14.89 | 12.5 | 35.75 | 14.36 | 12.62 | 25.13 | 13.82 |
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Carnier, R.; Coscione, A.R.; Delaqua, D.; Puga, A.P.; de Abreu, C.A. Jack Bean Development in Multimetal Contaminated Soil Amended with Coffee Waste-Derived Biochars. Processes 2022, 10, 2157. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10102157
Carnier R, Coscione AR, Delaqua D, Puga AP, de Abreu CA. Jack Bean Development in Multimetal Contaminated Soil Amended with Coffee Waste-Derived Biochars. Processes. 2022; 10(10):2157. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10102157
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarnier, Ruan, Aline Renée Coscione, Douglas Delaqua, Aline Peregrina Puga, and Cleide Aparecida de Abreu. 2022. "Jack Bean Development in Multimetal Contaminated Soil Amended with Coffee Waste-Derived Biochars" Processes 10, no. 10: 2157. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10102157