On the Integration of Dative Adjuncts into Event Structures in Yapa Languages
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Warlpiri and Warlmanpa
2.1. Grammatical Overview
1. | Ngayu=ma=rna | pa-nanga | pulka-ka. |
1=top=1sg.s | go-past.away | old_man-all | |
‘I went to the old man.’2 (Warlmanpa: Browne (2021), p. 126) |
2. | Wa-nganya=∅. |
speak-pres=3sg.s | |
‘He’s speaking.’ (Warlmanpa: Browne (2021), p. 349) |
2.2. Simpson’s ‘External Object’
3. | a. | Nampijinpa-rlu | kupa-rnu-rra | yarnununju. |
<subsection>6-erg | cook-past-impf | veg_food | ||
‘Nampijinpa was cooking vegetables.’ (Warlmanpa: Browne (2021), p. 112) | ||||
b. | Yarnunju=rla | kurtu-ku | kupa-nnya. | |
veg_food=3.obl | child-dat | cook-pres | ||
‘He’s cooking vegetables for the child.’ (Warlmanpa: Browne (2021), p. 119) |
4. | Karli-ku=ju-rla | yapa-kanyanu-rlu | wayi-nnya. |
boomerang-dat=1sg.ns-3.obl | person-another-erg | search-pres | |
Someone else is looking for a boomerangIO for meEO. (Warlmanpa: Browne (2021), p. 152) |
5. | Kularda=ju | rdilyki | yu-ngka | Yungu=rna-ngku | ngurrju-ma-ni. |
Spear=1sg.ns | broken | give-imp | reas=1sg.s-2sg.ns | good-caus-npst | |
Give me the broken spear so I can fix it for you. (Warlpiri: Simpson (1991), p. 383) |
6. | Karli=ju | marlaja-kiit-wa-nganya | ngayi. |
Boomerang=1sg.ns | because_of-broken-speak-pres | really | |
The boomerang is broken because of me really. (Warlmanpa: N_D02-007841, BN, 28:29 min) |
2.3. The Framework
3. Incorporating External Objects into Event Structure
3.1. The Dative Case?
The argument-taking predicate of an EXTERNAL OBJECT is the Dative case-suffix which marks the relation of an external participant to an event or an argument of the event.
7. | a. | Ali=ma=rla | Jungarrayi-rlu | karta-pu-ngunya. |
that=top=3.obl | <subsection>-erg | spear-act_on-pres | ||
Jungarrayi is digging that for him/her/it. (Warlmanpa: wrl-20180616-01, DK, 20:26 min) | ||||
b. | Maliki-rli=ji | paju-rnu | piki-wanti-nja-kurra. | |
dog-erg=eu | bite-past | hazard-fall-inf-objcomp | ||
The dog bit me when I fell in its way. (Warlpiri: Laughren et al. (2007)) |
8. | *Ngaju | ka=rna-rla | parda-rni | Nakamarra-ku | [ngapa |
1 | pres=1sg.s-3.obl | wait-npst | <subsection>-dat | ||
kardi-rninja-kurra-ku]. | |||||
fetch-inf-objcomp-dat | |||||
I am waiting for Nakamarra while she is fetching water. (Warlpiri: Simpson (1991), p. 398) |
3.2. Applicatives
9. | Applicative lexical rule (for Warlpiri and Warlmanpa) | |||||
Ø | ||||||
⇓ | ||||||
< | Arg1 | … | Argappl | … | > | |
[–o/–r] | [–r] |
10. | Kurdu-ku | ka=rla-jinta | jarnti-rni | yalumpuju | parraja. |
child-dat | pres=3.obl-3.obl2 | trim-npst | that.near | coolamon | |
‘He trims a coolamon for the child for its mother.’ (Warlpiri: Simpson (1991), p. 408) |
11. | Kamina-rlu | ka=rla | mangarri | purra | ngati-nyanu-ku |
girl-erg | pres=3.obl | food | cook.npst | mother-self-dat | |
nguna-nja-kurra-ku. | |||||
lie-inf-objcomp-dat | |||||
The girl is cooking food for her mother (who is) lying down. (Warlpiri: Simpson (1991), p. 385) |
12. | a. | Maliki=ju | ngayu-ku | palu-ngu. | |
Dog=1sg.ns | 1-dat | die-past | |||
‘The dog died on me.’ (Malefactive reading) ‘My dog died.’ (Possessive reading) (Warlmanpa: Browne (2021), p. 474) | |||||
b. | pali- ‘die’ | ||||
die < | theme | > | |||
[–r] | |||||
| | |||||
SUBJ | |||||
c. | pali ‘die’ + applicative lexical rule | ||||
die < | theme | ben | > | ||
[–r] | [–r] | ||||
| | | | ||||
SUBJ | EX.OBJ |
13. | a. | purra ‘cook’ | |||||
cook < | agent | theme | > | ||||
[–o] | [–r] | ||||||
| | | | ||||||
SUBJ | OBJ | ||||||
b. | purra ‘cook’ + applicative lexical rule (applied twice) | ||||||
cook < | agent | theme | ben1 | ben2 | > | ||
[–o] | [+o] | [–r] | [–r] | ||||
| | | | | | | | ||||
SUBJ | OBJθ | OBJ | EX.OBJ |
3.3. Complex Predicates
14. | a. | Karnta | wa-nganya. |
woman | speak-pres | ||
‘The woman is speaking.’ (Warlmanpa: Browne (2021), p. 264) | |||
b. | Wangani | warlku-wa-nganya. | |
dog | bark-speak-pres | ||
‘The dog is barking.’ (Warlmanpa: Browne (2021), p. 264) |
15. | Ali-ngu=nya | jurlaka-rlu | yina-nga-rninya | pirnti-nga. |
that-erg=foc | bird-erg | sing-eat-pres | tree_top-loc | |
That bird on the tree top is singing. (Warlmanpa: Browne (2021), p. 97) |
16 | a. | jutpu- | ‘run’ | wuruly jutpu- | ‘run out of sight’ |
b. | kiya- | ‘throw’ | wuruly kiya- | ‘throw out of sight’ | |
c. | ka- | ‘take’ | wuruly ka- | ‘take out of sight’ |
17. | < | drinker | entity.drunk | > | burlug ‘drink’ (CV) |
| | |||||
< | theme | > | -yu ‘be’ (IV) |
18. | Birli=nga-Ø-ganji. |
go.in=1sg.s-3sg.o-take.pp | |
‘I put it in(side).’ (Marra: Baker and Harvey (2010), p. 24) |
19. | a. | birli ‘go in’: | [Event MOVE ([Thing x], [Path IN])] |
b. | ganji ‘take’: | [Event CAUSE ([Thing y], Event MOVE ([Thing x], [Path ])])] | |
c. | Birli + ganji ‘put in’ | [Event CAUSE ([Thing y], Event MOVE ([Thing x], [Path IN])])] |
20. | a. | Kurdu | ka | yula-mi. | |
child | pres | cry-npst | |||
‘The child is crying.’ (Warlpiri: Hale (1982), p. 217) | |||||
b. | Kurdu | ka=rla | karnta-ku | marlaja-yula-mi. | |
child | pres=3.obl | woman-dat | cause-cry-npst | ||
‘The child is crying because of the woman.’ (Warlpiri: Simpson (1991), p. 386) |
21. | Jurnta ‘removal, adversity, away from, to the disadvantage of’ |
Jirrnganga ‘comitative, with dependent’ | |
Yirrkirnpa ‘comitative, with dependent’ | |
Kaji ‘benefactive, because of’ | |
Ngayi ‘benefactive, because of’ | |
Marlaja ‘causative, made possible by’ | |
Piki(piki) ‘under threat of, in jeopardy from’ |
22. | < | causer | > | marlaja ‘cause’ | |
< | cryer | > | yula- ‘cry’ |
23. | a. | Yiwirti=rna-rla | yirrkin-paka-rnu | ngurlu-ku. | |
Tree=1sg.s-3.obl | with-hit-past | seed-dat | |||
‘I will hit the tree with seeds.’ (Warlmanpa: Browne (2021), p. 319) | |||||
b. | Japanangka-rlu=rla | kurtu-ku | yirrkin-la-rnu | wawirri. | |
<subsection>-erg=3.obl | child-dat | with-shoot-past | kangaroo | ||
‘Japanangka, with the child, shot the kangaroo.’ (Warlmanpa: Browne (2021), p. 260) |
24. | Jukurrpa | nyampu | kuja=ka=rla | marlaja-karri-karri. |
dreaming | this | rel=pres=3.obl | cause-be.npst | |
‘This Dreaming is the creek that belongs to him.’ (Warlpiri: Laughren et al. (2007), p. 574) |
25. | a. | marlaja | cause/relate | < | %Pred | ben | > | |||
b. | karri | be | < | theme | > | |||||
c. | marlaja-karri | cause/relate | < | be | < | theme | > | ben | > |
4. Interactions between Applicatives and External Object Preverbs
4.1. Multiple External Objects
26. | Wati-ngku | ka=palangu-rla | marlu | kurdu-ku | marlaja-luwa-rni |
man-erg | pres=3du.ns-3.obl | kangaroo | child-dat | cause-shoot-npst | |
karnta-jarra-ku. | |||||
woman-du-dat | |||||
‘Because of the two women, the man is shooting the kangaroo for the child.’ (Warlpiri: Swartz (1982)) |
27. | *Nantuwu | ka=rla-jinta | Japanangka-ku |
horse | pres=3.obl-3.obl2 | <subsection>-dat | |
piki-jurnta-parnka-mi-rra | warna-ku=ju. | ||
hazard-away-run-npst-thither | snake-dat=eu | ||
‘The horse is running away from Japanangka and might get bitten by the snake.’ (Warlpiri [ungrammatical]: Simpson (1991), p. 404) |
4.2. Preverb Variation
28. | a. | Ngarrka-ngu=rla | yirrkin-paka-rnu | karli-ku. | |
man-erg=3.obl | with-hit-past | boomerang-dat | |||
The man hit him with a boomerang. (Warlmanpa: Browne (2021), p. 267) | |||||
b. | Yirrkin-pa-nya-nya=rna. | ||||
with-go-mot.away-pres=1sg.s | |||||
I’ll go together (with an unspecified entity). (Warlmanpa: wrl-20200225, DK, 12:33 min) | |||||
c. | Ngayu=ma=rna | yulu | yirrkin-karta-pinyi | kirtana-parna-rlu. | |
1=top=1sg.s | ground | with-spear-act_on-fut | father-prop-erg | ||
I’ll dig the ground with my father. (Warlmanpa: wrl-20200225, DK, 25:00 min) |
29. | a. | Kajika=nganpa | nantuwu | jirrnganja-wanti | rdaku-ngka. |
appr=1.pl.excl.ns | horse | comit-fall.npst | hole-loc | ||
A horse is likely to fall with us (on its back) into a hole. (Warlpiri: Laughren et al. (2007), p. 146) | |||||
b. | Jirrnganja=lu | nyina-ya | yama-ngka. | ||
comit=pl.s | sit-imp | shade-loc | |||
Sit together in the shade. (Warlpiri: Laughren et al. (2007), p. 146) |
30. | a. | yirrkin | accompany | < | %Pred | ben | > |
b. | yirrkin | accompany | < | %Pred | > |
23. | a. | Yiwirti=rna-rla | yirrkin-paka-rnu | ngurlu-ku. | |
Tree=1sg.s-3.obl | with-hit-past | seed-dat | |||
‘I will hit the tree with seeds.’ (Warlmanpa: Browne (2021), p. 319) | |||||
b. | Japanangka-rlu=rla | kurtu-ku | yirrkin-la-rnu | wawirri. | |
<subsection>-erg=3.obl | child-dat | with-shoot-past | kangaroo | ||
‘Japanangka, with the child, shot the kangaroo.’ (Warlmanpa: Browne (2021), p. 260) |
5. Conclusions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
1 | The Warlmanpa data were collected by the author in and around Tennant Creek (Northern Territory, Australia), in 2017 through 2020. Where possible, I refer to published data (Browne 2021); where this is not possible, I refer to unpublished corpus data (currently in the process of being archived), collected by David Nash, Ken Hale, and the author. The citation format for these data is: track ID, Speaker initials, timestamp. Warlpiri data come from published sources, particularly Simpson (1991). |
2 | Glosses used in this paper are as follows: 1 first person; 2 second person; 3 third person; all allative; another another; away away; caus cause; comit comitative; dat dative; erg ergative; eu euphony; excl exclusive; fut future; gen genitive; imp imperative; impf imperfective; inf infinitive; loc locative; mot associated motion; nom nominative; npst non-past; ns non-subject; o object; objcomp object complementiser; obl oblique; past past; pl plural; pres present; prop proprietive; s subject; sg singular; then then; top topic. Note that I standardise some glosses for comparability (in particular, labelling the ‘object’ series of bound pronouns in Warlpiri as ‘non-subject’). |
3 | Note that I view combinations of bound pronouns as being a morphologically complex head-marking system, and not clusters of independent clitics (Browne 2021, pp. 306–17), hence the notation of the internal boundaries of bound pronouns being marked with ‘-‘ instead of ‘=’. |
4 | Note that these grammatical relations are not the same as analysed for Warlmanpa (Browne 2021); however, since this paper follows Simpson’s (1991) analysis, I follow Simpson’s treatment of grammatical relations and apply it to Warlmanpa here. |
5 | It is not clear exactly which predicates allow an ethical dative; however, its productivity is extremely high. |
6 | Referring to people by their subsection is common in Warlmanpa and Warlpiri. See Browne (2021, pp. 8–11) for an overview of subsections. |
7 | A fourth distinction is that external objects can control the subject of -rlarni clauses, whereas objects cannot (Simpson 1991, pp. 391–95). However, I will largely be relying on the three distinctions discussed in the text for this analysis. |
8 | See Simpson (1991, pp. 337–49) for the specifics of why the theme here is an objectθ. |
9 | In Warlpiri, similar complex predicates are treated by specifying another sense of nga-, which is only used in combination with preverbs (Nash 1980, p. 246). |
10 | In Browne (2021, pp. 263–66), I treat these types of preverbs as essentially being adverbial, often simply modifying the manner of the event. However, this is very much an oversimplification of the different ways complex predicates can be formed in Warlmanpa and Warlpiri. |
11 | Simpson (1991, pp. 385–86) suggests this may be true of all ‘external object preverbs’ in Warlpiri. |
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S | NS | S | NS | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1sg | =rna | =ju | 1sg | =rna | =ju |
1du.excl | =ja(rra) | =jangu | 1du.excl | =rlijarra | =jarrangku |
1du.incl | =li | =ngali | 1du.incl | =rli | =ngali(ngki) |
1pl.excl | =rnalu | =nganpa | 1pl.excl | =rnalu | =nganpa |
1pl.incl | =lpa(lu) | =lpangu | 1pl.incl | =rlipa | =ngalpa |
2sg | =n(ku) | =ngu | 2sg | =n(pa) | =ngku |
2du | =npala | =ngupala | 2du | =n(pa)pala | =ngkupala |
2pl | =nkulu | =nyangu | 2pl | =nkulu | =nyarra |
(3)sg | ∅ | ∅ | (3)sg | ∅ | ∅ |
(3)du | =pala | =palangu | (3)du | =pala | =palangu |
(3)pl | =lu | =jana | (3)pl | =lu | =jana |
refl/recp | – | =nyanu | refl/recp | – | =nyanu |
Oblique | – | =rla | Oblique | – | =rla |
(a) | (b) |
Grammatical Relation | Subject | Object | Objectθ |
---|---|---|---|
Case marking | erg/abs | abs/dat | abs |
Bound pronouns | Subject series | Non-subject series (=rla if 3sg.dat) | Non-subject series |
Grammatical Relation | Subject | Object | Objectθ | Ext. Object |
---|---|---|---|---|
Case marking | erg/abs | abs/dat | abs | dat |
Bound pronouns | Subject series | Non-subject series (=rla if 3sg.dat) | Non-subject series | Non-subject series (=rla if 3sg.dat) |
Feature | [Restricted] | [Object] | [Open] | [Direct] | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Function | |||||
subject | − | − | − | + | |
object | − | + | − | + | |
objectθ | + | + | − | + | |
external object | − | − | + | unspecified |
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Browne, M. On the Integration of Dative Adjuncts into Event Structures in Yapa Languages. Languages 2021, 6, 136. https://doi.org/10.3390/languages6030136
Browne M. On the Integration of Dative Adjuncts into Event Structures in Yapa Languages. Languages. 2021; 6(3):136. https://doi.org/10.3390/languages6030136
Chicago/Turabian StyleBrowne, Mitchell. 2021. "On the Integration of Dative Adjuncts into Event Structures in Yapa Languages" Languages 6, no. 3: 136. https://doi.org/10.3390/languages6030136