Risks of Climate Change with Respect to the Singapore-Malaysia High Speed Rail System
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Climate, Geography and Lessons Learnt
3. Topographical and Geological Challenging Conditions to Malaysia
4. Global and Malaysia Climate Change Predictions
4.1. Climate and Weather
4.2. Global Climate Change
- Global temperature rise
- Sea level rise
- Warming oceans
- Shrinking ice sheets
- Declining Arctic sea ice
- Glacial retreat
- Extreme events
- Ocean acidification
- Decreased snow cover
4.2.1. Global Temperature rise
4.2.2. Sea Level Rise
4.2.3. Extreme Events
4.3. Malaysia Climate Change
Past Climate Trends
5. Climate Change Effects on Extreme Weather and Associated Effects on Railway Infrastructure
5.1. Floods
5.2. Landslides
- An increase in the number of days required to monitor track buckling and an increase in the frequency of speed restriction as a result.
- Reduction in productivity of the workers caused by heat stress.
- Passengers experiencing more heat stress.
6. Responses to the Threat of Climate Change
7. Conclusions
- A safe railway
- A highly reliable railway
- Increased capacity
- Value for money
- Predictable and preventable ethos
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Remennikov, A.M.; Kaewunruen, S. A review of loading conditions for railway track structures due to train and track vertical interaction. Struct. Control Health Monit. 2008, 15, 207–234. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Remennikov, A.M.; Murray, M.H.; Kaewunruen, S. Reliability based conversion of a structural design code for railway prestressed concrete sleepers. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part F J. Rail Rapid Transit 2012, 226, 155–173. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kramer, S.A.; Prudent-Richard, A.G.; Sainsbury, M. Incorporating climate change impacts and adaption in Environmental Impact Assessments: Opportunities and challenges. OECD Environ. Work. Pap. 2010. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Victorian Government. Victorian Greenhouse Strategy Action Plane Update; Victorian Government: Victoria, Australia, 2005.
- Stamos, I.; Mitsakis, E.; Salanova Grau, J.M. Roadmaps for adaptation measures of transportation to climate change. Transp. Res. Rec. 2015, 2532, 1–12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Saadin, L.; Kaewunruen, S.; Jaroszweski, D. Climate change vulnerability and adaptation for the Singapore-Malaysia high-speed rail system. Ingenieur 2016, 66, 44–54. [Google Scholar]
- Wang, T.; Samsom, S.; Ng, A.K.Y.; Earl, P. Climate Change and the Adaptation Planning of Inland Port and Rail Infrastructures in the Province of Manitoba in Canada; Routledge: New York, NY, USA, 2015. [Google Scholar]
- Rotter, M.; Hoffmann, E.; Pechan, A.; Stecker, R. Competing priorities: How actors and institutions influence adaptation of the German railway system. Clim. Chang. 2016, 137, 609–623. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Eisenack, K.; Stechker, R. A framework for analyzing climate change adaptations as actions. Mitig. Adapt. Strateg. Glob. Chang. 2012, 17, 243–260. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mirza, O.; Kaewunruen, S.; Dinh, C.; Pervanic, E. Numerical investigation into thermal load responses of railway transom bridge. Eng. Fail. Anal. 2016, 60, 280–295. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- News Straits Times. Singapore-Bound Train Derails, Worker Trapped, 8 Injured. Available online: http://news.asiaone.com/News/AsiaOne+News/Malaysia/Story/A1Story20130126-398074.html (accessed on 26 January 2013).
- International Union of Railways (UIC). High Speed Rail and Sustainability. 2011. Available online: http://www.uic.org (accessed on 15 June 2015).
- International Union of Railways (UIC). High Speed Rail: Fast Track to Sustainable Mobility. 2015. Available online: http://www.uic.org (accessed on 30 September 2015).
- Pachauri, R.; Meyer, L. IPCC, 2014: Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Intergovernmental Panel of CLimate Change; Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC): Geneva, Switzerland, 2014. [Google Scholar]
- Kaewunruen, S.; Sussman, J.M.; Matsumoto, A. Grand challenges in transportation and transit systems. Front. Built Environ. 2016, 2. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Malaysia Metereological Department. Climate Change Scenarios for Malaysia 2001–2099. 2009. Available online: http://www.met.gov.my (accessed on 1 May 2015). [Google Scholar]
- theSundaily. Construction of Railway Bridge in Kemubu Ready Next Year: KTMB. 2015. Available online: http://www.thesundaily.my/news/1489643 (accessed on 30 September 2015).
- Briginshaw, D. Shinkansen: Half a Century of Speed. 2014. Available online: http://www.railjournal.com (accessed on 23 August 2015).
- Krezo, S.; Mirza, O.; He, Y.; Makim, P.; Kaewunruen, S. Field investigation and parametric study of greenhouse gas emissions from railway plain-line renewals. Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ. 2016, 42, 77–90. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Leclerc, R. A Geographical Study of the Emergence of the High Speed Train and His Effects on Land Management and Regional Economic Development in Japan; Institute of Geoscience, University of Tsukuba: Tsukuba, Japan, 2002. [Google Scholar]
- Milne, D.; Pen, L.L.; Powrie, W.; Thomson, D.; Watson, G.; Morley, S.; Hayward, M. The Influence of Structural Response on Ballast Performance on a High Speed Railway Viaduct; International Conference of High Speed Rail: Birmingham, UK, 2014. [Google Scholar]
- Nash, C. High Speed Rail Investment; an Overview of the Literature. 2013. Available online: http://www.networkrail.co.uk (accessed on 10 June 2015).
- Smith, R.A. The Shinkansen-World Leading High Speed Railway System. Jpn. Railw. Transp. Rev. 2014, 64, 6–17. [Google Scholar]
- Kaewunruen, S.; Sussman, J.M.; Einstein, H.H. Strategic framework to achieve carbon-efficient construction and maintenance of railway infrastructure systems. Front. Environ. Sci. 2015, 3. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pour, A.B.; Hashim, M. Structural mapping using PALSAR data in the Central Gold Belt, Penninsular Malaysia. Ore Geol. Rev. 2015, 64, 13–22. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Oxford’s Hard Rock Group. 2015. Available online: http://www.hardrock.earth.ox.ac.uk (accessed on 1 December 2015).
- Bakhshipour, Z.; Huat, B.B.K.; Ibrahim, S.; Asadi, A.; Umar Kura, N. Application of geophysical techniques for 3D geohazard mapping to delineate cavities and potential sinkholes in the northern part of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Sci. World J. 2013. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bakshipouri, Z.; Omar, H.; Yousof, Z.B.M.; Ghiasi, V. An Overview of Subsurface Karst Features Associated with Geological Studies in Malaysia. EJGE 2014, 14, 1–15. [Google Scholar]
- Waltham, A.; Fookes, P. Engineering classification of karst ground conditions, Speleogenesis and Evolution of Karst Aquifers. The Virtual Scientific Journal. 2005, 3, 1–20, (Open Access). [Google Scholar]
- Dessler, A.E. Introduction to Modern Climate Change; Cambridge University Press: New York, NY, USA, 2012. [Google Scholar]
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). IPCC, 2014: Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change; IPCC: Geneva, Switzerland, 2014. [Google Scholar]
- Azam, T. Project KLCC: Geology, soils and foundations. Newsl. Geol. Soc. Malays. 1996, 22, 73–74. [Google Scholar]
- Badrul Hisham, A.; Marzukhi, M.; Daud, A. The worst flood in 100 years: Johore experience. Malays. J. Community Health 2009, 15, 1–14. [Google Scholar]
- Joshi, V. Malaysia Haze Prompts State of Emergency. Associated Press, 2005. Available online: http://www.news.mongabay.com (accessed on 30 September 2015).
- Mukhlisin, M.; Matlan, S.J.; Ahlan, M.J.; Taha, M.R. Analysis of rainfall effect to slope stability in Ulu Klang, Malaysia. J. Teknol. (Sci. Eng.) 2015. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sani, G.; Diya, M.B. Floods in Malaysia: Historical reviews, causes, effects and mitigations approach. Int. J. Interdiscip. Res. Innov. 2014, 2, 59–65. [Google Scholar]
- United Nations University. Climate Change will Mean More Landslides, Experts Warn. 2005. Available online: http://www.archive.unu.edu/update/issue40_10.htm (accessed on 22 October 2015).
- Zakaria, S.; Ahmad Jamalluddin Shaaban, C.Y. National Policy Responses to Climate Change: Malaysia Experience; National Hydraulic Research Institute of Malaysia (NAHRIM): Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 2007.
- Petley, D. The National Slope Masterplan in Malaysia. 2012. Available online: http://www.blogs.agu.org/landslideblog/2012/11/07/the-national-slope-masterplan-in-malaysia/ (accessed on 1 June 2015).
- Jaroszweski, D.; Hooper, E.; Baker, C.; Chapman, L.; Quinn, A. The impacts of the 28 June 2012 storms on UK road and rail transport. Meteorol. Appl. 2015. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lane, J.; Dora, J. Tomorrow’s Railway and Climate Change Adaptation (TraCCA); World Congress on Railway Research (WCCR): Lille, France, 2011. [Google Scholar]
- Dindar, S.; Kaewunruen, S.; An, M.; Osman, M.H. Natural hazard risks on railway turnout systems. Proc. Eng. 2016, in press. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Harris, N.G.; Ramsey, J.B. Assessing the effects of railway infrastructure failure. J. Oper. Res. Soc. 1994, 45, 635–640. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pant, R.; Hall, J.W.; Blainey, S.P. Vulnerability assessment framework for interdependent critical infrastructures: Case-study for Great Britain’s rail network. Eur. J. Transp. Infrastruct. Res. 2016, 16, 174–194. [Google Scholar]
- Saadin, L.; Kaewunruen, S.; Jaroszweski, D. Operational readiness for climate change of Singapore-Malaysia HSR. Proc. Inst. Civil Eng. Transp. 2016. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Climate Impact Group | Vulnerable Asset | Infrastructure Group | Ranking |
---|---|---|---|
Intense rainfall | Embankments | Geotechnical | 1 |
Rock cuttings | 2 | ||
Earth cuttings | 3 | ||
Drainage | Civil | 4 | |
Culverts | 5 | ||
Storms | Trains | Operation | 6 |
Signalling equipment | Signals | 7 | |
Flash flood | Trains | Operation | 8 |
Signalling equipment | Signals | 9 | |
Embankments | Geotechnical | 10 | |
Track circuits | Electrical | 11 | |
Extreme heat | Signalling equipment | Signals | 12 |
Mechanical equipment | 13 | ||
Complex junction | Track | 14 | |
Overhead wire | Electrical | 15 | |
Bush fire | Electrification | Electrical | 16 |
Intense rainfall | Trains | Operation | 17 |
Railway station | 18 | ||
Train function | Rolling stock | 19 | |
Extreme heat | Passenger comfort | Operation | 20 |
Train function | Rolling stock | 21 | |
Intense rainfall | Complex junction | Track | 22 |
Storms | Overhead Wiring Regulator | Electrical | 23 |
Ballast washaway | Track | 24 | |
Sea level rise | Trains | Operation | 25 |
Stations/Platforms | 26 | ||
Tunnels | Civil | 27 | |
Bridges and viaducts | 28 | ||
Intense rainfall | Bridge scour | Civil | 29 |
Extreme heat | Rail bunching and/or buckling on sharp curve or steep gradient | Track | 30 |
No. | Planning Component | Purpose |
---|---|---|
1 | Critical weather events | Knowledge and understanding of impact on HSR Malaysia |
2 | Critical components of HSR Malaysia | Knowledge and understanding of structural, systems and elemental response and vulnerability to critical weather events |
3 | Prediction of climate change impact | Methodology for predicting the impact of specific critical weather events on components of the HSR Malaysia |
4 | Development of adaptation options | Permits evaluation of different adaptation policies that are practical, cost-efficient and suitable to localised issues |
5 | Design standards | Identification of changes to design standards to mitigate the impact of climate change |
6 | Management policy | Identification of changes to management policy to mitigate the impacts of climate change |
Climate Impact Group | Risks | Safety Impact | Performance Impact | Likely Negative Impact from Climate Change | Long or Short Term | Adaptation Measures |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sea Level Rise | Increased flooding generally | Medium | High | High | Long | Platform level need to cater to sea level rise and drainage design must cater to Average Recurrence Interval (ARI) plus climate change projection. |
Increased Rainfall | Landslide | High | High | High | Long | Drainage design must cater to Average Recurrence Interval (ARI) plus climate change projection |
Increased Rainfall | Settlement | High | High | Low | Long | Need to monitor the ground movement and the relation with rainfall intensity especially at the karst area in Kuala Lumpur. |
Heat | Track buckling | High | High | High | Long | Need to study rail design resilience to high temperature or provide watchmen, condition monitoring and appropriate inspection strategies. |
© 2016 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Binti Sa’adin, S.L.; Kaewunruen, S.; Jaroszweski, D. Risks of Climate Change with Respect to the Singapore-Malaysia High Speed Rail System. Climate 2016, 4, 65. https://doi.org/10.3390/cli4040065
Binti Sa’adin SL, Kaewunruen S, Jaroszweski D. Risks of Climate Change with Respect to the Singapore-Malaysia High Speed Rail System. Climate. 2016; 4(4):65. https://doi.org/10.3390/cli4040065
Chicago/Turabian StyleBinti Sa’adin, Sazrul Leena, Sakdirat Kaewunruen, and David Jaroszweski. 2016. "Risks of Climate Change with Respect to the Singapore-Malaysia High Speed Rail System" Climate 4, no. 4: 65. https://doi.org/10.3390/cli4040065