Perceived Self-Efficacy and Adaptation to Climate Change in Coastal Cambodia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Theoretical Framework: Perceived Self-Efficacy
3. Method
3.1. Study Context and Data Collection
3.2. Measure
3.2.1. Outcome Variables
3.2.2. Predictor Variables
3.3. Data Analysis
Predictor Variables | Anticipatory Adaptation | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Low (%) | Medium (%) | High (%) | Pearson’s χ2 (df) | |
Perceived Self-Efficacy | ||||
Perceived Self-Efficacy | ||||
1 | 0.39 | 0.29 | 0.14 | χ2 (1) = 227.11 Pr = 0.000 |
2 | 4.01 | 1.45 | 1.70 | Cramér’s V = 0.25 |
3 | 24.45 | 21.22 | 17.42 | |
4 | 38.55 | 28.20 | 11.19 | |
5 | 32.60 | 48.84 | 69.55 | |
Compositional Factor | ||||
Gender | ||||
Male | 28.85 | 39.53 | 31.05 | χ2 (1) = 14.3 Pr = 0.001 |
Female | 71.15 | 60.47 | 68.95 | Cramér’s V = 0.08 |
Age | ||||
18–24 | 10.87 | 7.56 | 8.50 | χ2 (1) = 10.49 Pr =0.39 |
25–34 | 21.47 | 25.87 | 23.80 | Cramér’s V = 0.05 |
35–44 | 19.28 | 21.22 | 19.41 | |
45–54 | 22.77 | 21.80 | 21.39 | |
55–64 | 15.65 | 16.86 | 16.57 | |
65+ | 9.96 | 6.69 | 10.34 | |
Education | ||||
No Education | 24.32 | 17.15 | 16.57 | χ2 (1) = 23.72 Pr = 0.001 |
Primary Education | 48.12 | 48.26 | 53.54 | Cramér’s V = 0.08 |
Secondary Education | 15.91 | 21.22 | 20.25 | |
Higher Education | 11.64 | 13.37 | 9.63 | |
Marital Status | ||||
Single | 6.73 | 6.10 | 4.96 | χ2 (1) = 2.09 Pr = 0.35 |
Non-Single | 93.27 | 93.90 | 95.04 | Cramér’s V = 0.03 |
Income | ||||
<USD100/month | 18.89 | 9.88 | 15.44 | χ2 (1) = 14.61 Pr = 0.001 |
>USD100/month | 81.11 | 90.12 | 84.56 | Cramér’s V = 0.09 |
Contextual Factor | ||||
Place of Residence | ||||
Urban | 28.33 | 29.94 | 27.90 | χ2 (1) = 0.48 Pr = 0.78 |
Rural | 71.67 | 70.06 | 72.10 | Cramér’s V = 0.02 |
Duration of Residence | ||||
5 Years | 12.55 | 8.43 | 8.92 | χ2 (1) = 16.79 Pr = 0.01 |
6–10 Years | 4.66 | 8.14 | 4.96 | Cramér’s V = 0.07 |
11–15 Years | 6.86 | 9.59 | 6.37 | |
16+ Years | 75.94 | 73.84 | 79.75 | |
Regions | ||||
Kampot | 29.37 | 31.98 | 25.92 | χ2 (1) = 21.02 Pr = 0.002 |
Kep | 18.24 | 15.41 | 13.60 | Cramér’s V = 0.08 |
Presh Sihanouk | 33.25 | 30.23 | 32.72 | |
Kok Kong | 19.15 | 22.38 | 27.76 |
Predictor Variables | Reactive Adaptation | ||
---|---|---|---|
Yes (%) | No (%) | Pearson’s χ2 (df) | |
Perceived Self-Efficacy | |||
Perceived Self-Efficacy | |||
1 | 0.11 | 0.50 | χ2 (1) = 427.96 Pr = 0.000 |
2 | 0.32 | 5.11 | Cramér’s V = 0.49 |
3 | 10.27 | 32.67 | |
4 | 15.14 | 36.78 | |
5 | 74.16 | 24.94 | |
Compositional Factor | |||
Gender | |||
Male | 29.08 | 33.42 | χ2 (1) = 3.76 Pr = 0.05 |
Female | 70.92 | 66.58 | Cramér’s V = 0.05 |
Age | |||
18–24 | 9.19 | 9.73 | χ2 (1) = 5.37 Pr = 0.37 |
25–34 | 22.49 | 24.06 | Cramér’s V = 0.05 |
35–44 | 20.54 | 19.58 | |
45–54 | 21.41 | 22.19 | |
55–64 | 15.78 | 16.83 | |
65+ | 10.59 | 7.61 | |
Education | |||
No Education | 18.27 | 20.45 | χ2 (1) = 6.89 Pr = 0.07 |
Primary Education | 52.65 | 48.63 | Cramér’s V = 0.06 |
Secondary Education | 19.24 | 17.83 | |
Higher Education | 9.84 | 13.09 | |
Marital Status | |||
Single | 5.73 | 6.48 | χ2 (1) = 0.43 Pr = 0.51 |
Non-Single | 94.27 | 93.52 | Cramér’s V = 0.02 |
Household Income | |||
<USD100/month | 14.92 | 15.59 | χ2 (1) = 0.15 Pr = 0.70 |
>USD100/month | 85.08 | 84.41 | Cramér’s V = 0.00 |
Contextual Factor | |||
Place of Residence | χ2 (1) = 0.06 Pr = 0.79 | ||
Urban | 28.11 | 26.68 | Cramér’s V = 0.00 |
Rural | 71.89 | 71.32 | |
Duration of Residence | |||
5 Years | 7.35 | 13.97 | χ2 (1) = 21.84 Pr = 0.00 |
6–10 Years | 4.97 | 5.99 | Cramér’s V = 0.11 |
11–15 Years | 7.14 | 6.73 | |
16+ Years | 80.54 | 73.32 | |
Regions | |||
Kampot | 22.49 | 34.66 | χ2 (1) = 41.50 Pr = 0.00 |
Kep | 14.81 | 16.33 | Cramér’s V = 0.15 |
Presh Sihanouk | 34.80 | 30.30 | |
Kok Kong | 28.00 | 18.70 |
Predictor Variables | Anticipatory Adaptation | Reactive Adaptation | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
OR | SE | OR | SE | |
Perceived Self-Efficacy | ||||
Perceived Self-Efficacy | ||||
Low | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
High | 1.75 *** | 0.09 | 3.47 *** | 0.24 |
Compositional Factor | ||||
Gender | ||||
Male | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Female | 0.97 | 0.09 | 1.22 | 0.13 |
Age | ||||
18–24 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
25–34 | 1.36 | 0.23 | 0.99 | 0.18 |
35–44 | 1.26 | 0.22 | 1.11 | 0.21 |
45–54 | 1.19 | 0.21 | 1.02 | 0.19 |
55–64 | 1.31 | 0.24 | 0.99 | 0.19 |
65+ | 1.28 | 0.26 | 1.47 | 0.33 |
Education | ||||
No Education | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Primary Education | 1.54 *** | 0.18 | 1.21 | 0.16 |
Secondary Education | 1.71 *** | 0.24 | 1.21 | 0.19 |
Higher Education | 1.22 | 0.19 | 0.84 | 0.15 |
Marital Status | ||||
Single | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Non-Single | 1.30 | 0.24 | 1.14 | 0.22 |
Household Income | ||||
<USD100/month | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
>USD100/month | 1.28 * | 0.16 | 1.05 | 0.14 |
Contextual Factor | ||||
Place of Residence | ||||
Urban | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Rural | 1.02 | 0.09 | 1.03 | 0.11 |
Duration of Residence | ||||
<5 Years | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
6+ Years | 1.10 * | 0.05 | 1.24 *** | 0.06 |
Regions | ||||
Kampot | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Other Coastal Provinces | 1.01 *** | 0.01 | 1.03 *** | 0.01 |
Predictor Variables | Perceived Self-Efficacy | Compositional Factor | Contextual Factor | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | SE | OR | SE | OR | SE | |
Perceived Self-Efficacy | ||||||
Perceived Self-Efficacy | ||||||
Low | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
High | 1.74 *** | 0.09 | 1.75 *** | 0.09 | 1.74 *** | 0.09 |
Compositional Factor | ||||||
Gender | ||||||
Male | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Female | 0.93 | 0.09 | 0.92 | 0.09 | ||
Age | ||||||
18–24 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
25–34 | 1.30 | 0.25 | 1.29 | 0.25 | ||
35–44 | 1.17 | 0.24 | 1.15 | 0.23 | ||
45–54 | 1.19 | 0.24 | 1.15 | 0.23 | ||
55–64 | 1.29 | 0.27 | 1.23 | 0.26 | ||
65+ | 1.53 | 0.37 | 1.46 | 0.35 | ||
Education | ||||||
No Education | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Primary Education | 1.61 *** | 0.21 | 1.64 *** | 0.21 | ||
Secondary Education | 2.02 *** | 0.32 | 2.06 *** | 0.32 | ||
Higher Education | 1.65 *** | 0.29 | 1.71 *** | 0.31 | ||
Marital Status | ||||||
Single | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Non-Single | 1.06 | 0.23 | 1.09 | 0.24 | ||
Household Income | ||||||
<USD100/month | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
>USD100/month | 1.21 | 0.15 | 1.21 | 0.15 | ||
Contextual Factor | ||||||
Place of Residence | ||||||
Urban | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Rural | 1.12 | 0.22 | ||||
Duration of Residence | ||||||
<5 Years | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
6+ Years | 1.09 * | 0.05 | ||||
Regions | ||||||
Kampot | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Others Coastal Provinces | 1.01 * | 0.01 | ||||
Log Likelihood | −1839.83 | −1825.21 | −1821.53 | |||
Variance of Random Effect | ||||||
Level 2 (Commune) Variance | 0.05 | 0.06 *** | 0.05 * | |||
Level 3 (District) Variance | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.01 | |||
p (Same District, Different Communes) | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.03 | |||
p (Same Commune, Same Districts) | 0.06 | 0.03 | 0.04 |
Predictor Variables | Perceived Self-Efficacy | Compositional Factor | Contextual Factor | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | SE | OR | SE | OR | SE | |
Perceived Self-Efficacy | ||||||
Perceived Self-Efficacy | ||||||
Low | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
High | 3.57 *** | 0.26 | 3.69 *** | 0.27 | 3.61 *** | 0.27 |
Compositional Factor | ||||||
Gender | ||||||
Male | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Female | 1.02 | 0.12 | 1.01 | 0.13 | ||
Age | ||||||
18–24 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
25–34 | 0.81 | 0.19 | 0.80 | 0.19 | ||
35–44 | 0.94 | 0.23 | 0.91 | 0.23 | ||
45–54 | 0.88 | 0.21 | 0.81 | 0.20 | ||
55–64 | 0.80 | 0.21 | 0.70 | 0.18 | ||
65+ | 1.37 | 0.41 | 1.25 | 0.37 | ||
Education | ||||||
No Education | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Primary Education | 1.41 ** | 0.22 | 1.47 ** | 0.23 | ||
Secondary Education | 1.88 *** | 0.37 | 1.98 *** | 0.39 | ||
Higher Education | 1.54 * | 0.34 | 1.63 * | 0.36 | ||
Marital Status | ||||||
Single | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Non-Single | 0.72 | 0.20 | 0.77 | 0.21 | ||
Household Income | ||||||
<USD100/month | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
>USD100/month | 0.99 | 0.16 | 1.00 | 0.16 | ||
Contextual Factor | ||||||
Place of Residence | ||||||
Urban | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Rural | 1.41 | 0.39 | ||||
Duration of Residence | ||||||
<5 Years | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
6+ Years | 1.22 *** | 0.07 | ||||
Regions | ||||||
Kampot | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Others Coastal Provinces | 1.03 *** | 0.01 | ||||
Log Likelihood | −974.34 | −964.47 | −953.43 | |||
Variance of Random Effect | ||||||
Level 2 (Commune) Variance | 0.14 | 0.23 *** | 0.07* | |||
Level 3 (District) Variance | 0.15 | 0.25 *** | 0.01 | |||
p (Same District, Different Communes) | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.01 | |||
p (Same Commune, Same Districts) | 0.18 | 0.30 | 0.08 |
4. Results
4.1. Univariate Analysis
4.2. Bivariate Analysis
4.3. Multivariate Analysis
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Ung, M.; Luginaah, I.; Chuenpagdee, R.; Campbell, G. Perceived Self-Efficacy and Adaptation to Climate Change in Coastal Cambodia. Climate 2016, 4, 1. https://doi.org/10.3390/cli4010001
Ung M, Luginaah I, Chuenpagdee R, Campbell G. Perceived Self-Efficacy and Adaptation to Climate Change in Coastal Cambodia. Climate. 2016; 4(1):1. https://doi.org/10.3390/cli4010001
Chicago/Turabian StyleUng, Mengieng, Isaac Luginaah, Ratana Chuenpagdee, and Gwyn Campbell. 2016. "Perceived Self-Efficacy and Adaptation to Climate Change in Coastal Cambodia" Climate 4, no. 1: 1. https://doi.org/10.3390/cli4010001