Extraction of Terraces on the Loess Plateau from High-Resolution DEMs and Imagery Utilizing Object-Based Image Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Data Sets and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data Acquisition
2.3. Overview of Extraction
2.4. Selection of Terrain Indexes
2.5. Segmentation
2.6. Classification
2.6.1. Selection and Calculation of Classification Features
2.6.2. Classification Rules and Validation
3. Results
3.1. Results of Terrain Indexes Selection
3.2. Characteristics of Produced Segmentation
3.3. Characteristics of Topographic Classification Features
3.4. Characteristics of Two Classifications
3.4.1. DEM-Based Classification
3.4.2. Dem and Image-Based Classification
4. Discussion
4.1. Rationality of the Proposed Method
4.2. Application of the Proposed Method
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Feature | Equation | Explanation |
---|---|---|
Angular Second Moment (ASM) | Angular second moment (ASM) is a measure of the homogeneity of an image. High values of ASM or energy occur when the window is highly orderly. | |
Contrast | This measure of contrast or local intensity variation favors contributions from P(i, j) away from the diagonal, i.e., i! = j. | |
Homogeneity | Homogeneity measures the closeness of the distribution of elements in the GLCM to the GLCM diagonal. | |
Entropy | Inhomogeneous scenes exhibit low first-order entropy, whereas homogeneous scenes exhibit high entropy. | |
Correlation | Correlation is a measure of gray-level linear dependence between pixels at specified positions relative to each other. |
AC | Slope | CVE | SOS | TR | PN | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AC | 1 | |||||
Slope | −0.003 | 1 | ||||
CVE | 0.004 | 0.913 | 1 | |||
SOS | −0.011 | 0.212 | 0.247 | 1 | ||
TR | −0.001 | 0.931 | 0.936 | 0.231 | 1 | |
PN | −0.387 | −0.010 | −0.009 | 0.002 | −0.029 | 1 |
Combination of Indexes | PN, SOS, CVE, AC | PN, SOS, Slope, AC | PN, SOS, TR, AC |
---|---|---|---|
Entropy | 3.278 | 13.189 | 10.680 |
Classification | Reference | Class. Totals | Prod. Ac. | User. Ac. | Omi. Er. | Com. Er. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Terraces | Non-Terraces | ||||||
Terraces | 260575 | 116343 | 376918 | 0.835 | 0.691 | 0.309 | 0.166 |
Non-terraces | 51719 | 1245789 | 1297508 | 0.915 | 0.960 | 0.040 | 0.085 |
Ref. Totals | 312293 | 1362135 | 1674428 |
Classification | Reference | Class. Totals | Prod. Ac. | User. Ac | Omi. Er. | Com. Er. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Terraces | Non-Terraces | ||||||
Terraces | 257549 | 46198 | 303747 | 0.825 | 0.848 | 0.152 | 0.175 |
Non-terraces | 54742 | 1316039 | 1370781 | 0.966 | 0.960 | 0.040 | 0.034 |
Ref. Totals | 312293 | 1362135 | 1674428 |
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Zhao, H.; Fang, X.; Ding, H.; Josef, S.; Xiong, L.; Na, J.; Tang, G. Extraction of Terraces on the Loess Plateau from High-Resolution DEMs and Imagery Utilizing Object-Based Image Analysis. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2017, 6, 157. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi6060157
Zhao H, Fang X, Ding H, Josef S, Xiong L, Na J, Tang G. Extraction of Terraces on the Loess Plateau from High-Resolution DEMs and Imagery Utilizing Object-Based Image Analysis. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information. 2017; 6(6):157. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi6060157
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhao, Hanqing, Xuan Fang, Hu Ding, Strobl Josef, Liyang Xiong, Jiaming Na, and Guoan Tang. 2017. "Extraction of Terraces on the Loess Plateau from High-Resolution DEMs and Imagery Utilizing Object-Based Image Analysis" ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 6, no. 6: 157. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi6060157