Polysaccharide Fraction Extracted from Endophytic Fungus Trichoderma atroviride D16 Has an Influence on the Proteomics Profile of the Salvia miltiorrhiza Hairy Roots
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. The Culture and Treatment of Hairy Root
2.2. The Preparation of PSF
2.3. Monosaccharides Composition of PSF
2.4. HPLC Analyses
2.5. RNA Isolation and Real-Time Quantitative PCR Analysis
2.6. Protein Extraction of Salvia Miltorrhiza Hariy Root
2.7. The Mass Spectrum Analysis of Protein
2.8. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Monosacharide Composition and Its Effects on Accumulation of Tanshinones of the D16 PSF
3.2. Differential Proteomics of S. miltiorrhiza in Response to D16 PSF
3.3. Quantitative Analysis of the 89 Differential Proteins
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Wang, L.; Ma, R.; Liu, C.; Liu, H.; Zhu, R.; Guo, S.; Tang, M.; Li, Y.; Niu, J.; Fu, M.; et al. Salvia miltiorrhiza: A potential red light to the development of cardiovascular diseases. Curr. Pharm. Des. 2017, 23, 1077–1097. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ren, J.; Fu, L.; Nile, S.H.; Zhang, J.; Kai, G. Salvia miltiorrhiza in treating cardiovascular diseases: A review on its pharmacological and clinical applications. Front. Pharmacol. 2019, 10, 753. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Jiang, Z.; Gao, W.; Huang, L. Tanshinones, critical pharmacological components in Salvia miltiorrhiza. Front. Pharmacol. 2019, 10, 202. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zhang, B.; Zheng, L.P.; Wang, J.W. Nitric oxide elicitation for secondary metabolite production in cultured plant cells. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2012, 93, 455–466. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wang, H.; Yang, X.; Guo, L.; Zeng, H.; Qiu, D. PeBL1, a novel protein elicitor from Brevibacillus laterosporus strain A60, activates defense responses and systemic resistance in Nicotiana benthamiana. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2015, 81, 2706–2716. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ming, Q.; Su, C.; Zheng, C.; Jia, M.; Zhang, Q.; Zhang, H.; Rahman, K.; Han, T.; Qin, L. Elicitors from the endophytic fungus Trichoderma atroviride promote Salvia miltiorrhiza hairy root growth and tanshinone biosynthesis. J. Exp. Bot. 2013, 64, 5687–5694. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bohlmann, H.; Vignutelli, A.; Hilpert, B.; Miersch, O.; Wasternack, C.; Apel, K. Wounding and chemicals induce expression of the Arabidopsis thaliana gene Thi2.1, encoding a fungal defense thionin, via the octadecanoid pathway. FEBS Lett. 1998, 437, 281. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Smeekens, S. Sugar- induced signal transduction in plants. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 2000, 51, 49–81. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, H.; Zhang, X.; Dong, P.; Luo, Y.; Cheng, F. Extraction of polysaccharides from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and its immune enhancement activity. Int. J. Pharmacol. 2013, 9, 288–296. [Google Scholar]
- Chen, F.; Ren, C.G.; Zhou, T.; Wei, Y.J.; Dai, C.C. A novel exopolysaccharide elicitor from endophytic fungus Gilmaniella sp. AL12 on volatile oils accumulation in Atractylodes lancea. Sci. Rep. 2016, 6, 120–125. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Escribano, J.; Rubio, A.; Alvarez-Ortí, M.; Molina, A.; Fernández, J.A. Purification and characterization of a mannan-binding lectin specifically expressed in corms of saffron plant (Crocus sativus L.). J. Agric. Food Chem. 2000, 48, 451–457. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Schulz, B.; Rommert, A.K.; Dammann, U.; Aust, H.J.; Strack, D. The endophyte-host interaction: A balanced antagonism? Mycol. Res. 1999, 103, 1275–1283. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, H.Y.; Lei, G.; Zhou, H.W.; He, C.; Liao, J.L.; Huang, Y.J. Quantitative iTRAQ-based proteomic analysis of rice grains to assess high night temperature stress. Proteomics 2017, 2, 160–165. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zhang, Z.; Zhou, H.; Yu, Q.; Li, Y.; Mendoza-Cózatl, D.G.; Qiu, B.; Liu, P.; Chen, Q. Quantitative proteomics investigation of leaves from two Sedum alfredii (Crassulaceae) populations that differ in cadmium accumulation. Proteomics 2017, 17, 210–216. [Google Scholar]
- Kaul, S.; Sharma, T.; Dhar, M.K. “Omics” tools for better understanding the plant endophyte interactions. Front. Plant Sci. 2016, 7, 955. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Alidrus, A.; Carpentier, S.C.; Ahmad, M.T.; Panis, B.; Mohamed, Z. Elucidation of the compatible interaction between banana and Meloidogyne incognitavia high-throughput proteome profiling. PLoS ONE 2017, 12, e0178438. [Google Scholar]
- Gadjeva, M.; Thiel, S.; Jensenius, J.C. The mannan-binding-lectin pathway of the innate immune response. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 2001, 13, 74–78. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, H.; Guo, Z.; Gu, F.; Ke, S.; Sun, D.; Dong, S.; Liu, W.; Huang, M.; Xiao, W.; Yang, G. 4-Coumarate-CoA ligase-Like gene OsAAE3 negatively mediates the rice blast resistance, floret development and lignin biosynthesis. Front. Plant Sci. 2016, 7, 13–21. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wasternack, C. Jasmonates: An update on biosynthesis, signal transduction and action in plant stress response, growth and development. Ann. Bot. 2007, 100, 681–697. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Song, C.; Zeng, F.; Wu, F.; Ma, W.; Zhang, G. Proteomic analysis of nitrogen stress-responsive proteins in two rice cultivars differing in N utilization efficiency. J. Integr. Omics 2011, 1, 12–19. [Google Scholar]
- He, C.Y.; Zhang, G.Y.; Zhang, J.G.; Duan, A.G.; Luo, H.M. Physiological, biochemical, and proteome profiling reveals key pathways underlying the drought stress responses of Hippophae rhamnoides. Proteomics 2016, 16, 2688–2697. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ruan, S.L.; Ma, H.S.; Wan, S.H.; Xin, Y.; Qian, L.H.; Tong, J.X.; Wang, J. Advances in plant proteomics--I. Key techniques of proteome. Yi Chuan 2006, 28, 1472–1486. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Jiang, Q.; Li, X.; Niu, F.; Sun, X.; Hu, Z.; Zhang, H. iTRAQ-based quantitative proteomic analysis of wheat roots in response to salt stress. Proteomics 2017, 17, 160–165. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Yang, C.; Xu, L.; Zhang, N.; Islam, F.; Song, W.; Hu, L.; Liu, D.; Xie, X.; Zhou, W. iTRAQ-based proteomics of sunflower cultivars differing in resistance to parasitic weed Orobanche cumana. Proteomics 2017, 1, 120–127. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kambiranda, D.; Katam, R.; Basha, S.M.; Siebert, S. iTRAQ-based quantitative proteomics of developing and ripening muscadine grape berry. J. Proteome Res. 2014, 13, 555–569. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zheng, B.B.; Fang, Y.N.; Pan, Z.Y.; Sun, L.; Deng, X.X.; Grosser, J.W.; Guo, W.W. iTRAQ-based quantitative proteomics analysis revealed alterations of carbohydrate metabolism pathways and mitochondrial proteins in a male sterile cybrid pummelo. J. Proteome Res. 2014, 13, 299–318. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Keerthisinghe, S.; Nadeau, J.A.; Lucas, J.R.; Nakagawa, T.; Sack, F.D. The Arabidopsis leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase MUSTACHES enforces stomatal bilateral symmetry in Arabidopsis. Plant J. Cell Mol. Biol. 2015, 81, 684–694. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Zhou, F.; Yong, G.; Qiu, L.J. Genome-wide identification and evolutionary analysis of leucine-rich repeat receptor-like protein kinase genes in soybean. BMC Plant Biol. 2016, 16, 58–64. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shahollari, B.; Vadassery, J.; Varma, A.; Oelmüller, R. A leucine-rich repeat protein is required for growth promotion and enhanced seed production mediated by the endophytic fungus Piriformospora indica in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant J. 2007, 50, 1–13. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Park, S.J.; Moon, J.C.; Yong, C.P.; Kim, J.H.; Dong, S.K.; Jang, C.S. Molecular dissection of the response of a rice leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase (LRR-RLK) gene to abiotic stresses. J. Plant Physiol. 2014, 171, 1645–1649. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yamaguchi, Y.; Huffaker, A.; Bryan, A.C.; Tax, F.E.; Ryan, C.A. PEPR2 is a second receptor for the Pep1 and Pep2 peptides and contributes to defense responses in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 2010, 22, 508–522. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Stephanie, D.; David, C.; Polly, L.; Steven, P.S.; Snedden, W.A. The calmodulin-related calcium sensor CML42 plays a role in trichome branching. J. Biol. Chem. 2009, 284, 31647–31657. [Google Scholar]
- Vadassery, J.; Reichelt, M.; Hause, B.; Gershenzon, J.; Boland, W.; Mithöfer, A. CML42-mediated calcium signaling coordinates responses to spodoptera herbivory and abiotic stresses in Arabidopsis. Plant physiol. 2012, 159, 1159–1175. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Vasu, S.; Shah, S.; Orjalo, A.; Park, M.; Fischer, W.; Forbes, D. Novel vertebrate nucleoporins Nup133 and Nup160 play a role in mRNA export. J. Cell Biol. 2001, 155, 339–341. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Martin, B.; Thoe, F.A.; Doan-Trung, L.; Hervé, S.; Isabelle, G.; Isabelle, C. Reduced expression of AtNUP62 nucleoporin gene affects auxin response inArabidopsis. BMC Plant Biol. 2016, 16, 2–10. [Google Scholar]
- Wenping, H.; Yuan, Z.; Jie, S.; Lijun, Z.; Zhezhi, W. De novo transcriptome sequencing in Salvia miltiorrhiza to identify genes involved in the biosynthesis of active ingredients. Genomics 2011, 98, 272–279. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Snedden, W.A.; Fromm, H. Calmodulin as a versatile calcium signal transducer in plants. New Phytol. 2001, 151, 35–66. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Balhadère, P.V.; Talbot, N.J. PDE1 encodes a P-type ATPase involved in appressorium-mediated plant infection by the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea. Plant Cell 2001, 13, 1987–1991. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, X.C.; Yu, X.; Zhang, H.J.; Song, F.M. Molecular characterization of a defense-related AMP-binding protein gene, OsBIABP1, from rice. Biomed Biotechnol. 2009, 10, 731–739. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Soltani, B.M.; Ehlting, J.; Douglas, C.J. Genetic analysis and epigenetic silencing of At4CL1 and At4CL2 expression in transgenic Arabidopsis. Biotechnol. J. 2006, 1, 1124–1136. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xue, T.; Wang, D.; Zhang, S.; Ehlting, J.; Ni, F.; Jakab, S.; Zheng, C.; Zhong, Y. Genome-wide and expression analysis of protein phosphatase 2C in rice and Arabidopsis. BMC Genom. 2008, 9, 550–561. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Cohen, P. The structure and regulation of protein phosphatases. Ann. Rev. Biochem. 1989, 58, 453–459. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sanders, P.M.; Lee, P.Y.; Biesgen, C.; Boone, J.D.; Beals, T.P.; Weiler, E.W.; Goldberg, R.B. The arabidopsis DELAYED DEHISCENCE1 gene encodes an enzyme in the jasmonic acid synthesis pathway. Plant Cell 2000, 12, 1041–1047. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Xing, Y.; Chen, W.; Jia, W.; Zhang, J. Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 5 (MKK5)-mediated signalling cascade regulates expression of iron superoxide dismutase gene in Arabidopsis under salinity stress. J. Exp. Bot. 2015, 66, 5971–5978. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Novo-Uzal, E.; Gutiérrez, J.; Martínez-Cortés, T.; Pomar, F. Molecular cloning of two novel peroxidases and their response to salt stress and salicylic acid in the living fossil Ginkgo biloba. Ann. Bot. 2014, 114, 923–929. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, S.; Vaghchhipawala, Z.; Li, W.; Asard, H.; Dickman, M.B. Tomato phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase inhibits cell death induced by Bax and oxidative stresses in yeast and plants. Plant Physiol. 2004, 135, 1630–1641. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Jain, P.; Bhatla, S.C. Signaling role of phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase (PHGPX) accompanying sensing of NaCl stress in etiolated sunflower seedling cotyledons. Plant Signal. Behav. 2014, 9, 977746–977747. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Content (mg/g dw) | Control | 60 mg/L PSF | 60 mg/L Glucose | 60 mg/L Mannose | 60 mg/L Galactose |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dihydrotanshinone I | 0.3548 ± 0.0084 | 1.0380 ± 0.0455 *** | 0.4271 ± 0.0380 | 1.1641 ± 0.0133 *** | 1.0559 ± 0.0367 *** |
Cryptotanshinone | 0.6421 ± 0.0211 | 1.9798 ± 0.0708 *** | 1.2007 ± 0.0198 *** | 0.6799 ± 0.0138 | 0.4209 ± 0.0099 *** |
Tanshinone I | 7.1378 ± 0.1455 | 11.6405 ± 0.1581 *** | 9.3103 ± 0.1214 *** | 10.7130 ± 0.1163 *** | 7.4991 ± 0.1744 |
Tanshinone IIA | 0.2321 ± 0.0022 | 0.4713 ± 0.0186 *** | 0.3630 ± 0.0054 *** | 0.2811 ± 0.0049 ** | 0.2639 ± 0.0056 * |
Pathway | Pathway Name | Protein Num. |
---|---|---|
ath00900 | Terpenoid backbone biosynthesis | 5 |
ath00010 | Glycolysis/gluconeogenesis | 3 |
ath00460 | Cyanoamino acid metabolism | 3 |
ath00940 | Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis | 3 |
ath03040 | Spliceosome | 3 |
ath00061 | Fatty acid biosynthesis | 2 |
ath00480 | Glutathione metabolism | 2 |
ath00590 | Arachidonic acid metabolism | 2 |
ath00630 | Glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism | 2 |
ath03013 | RNA transport | 2 |
Accession | Signal Transduction Description | B/A | D/C | Accession | Signal Transduction Description | B/A | D/C |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Leucine repeated cell proteins and receptors | O49289 | Putative DEAD-box ATP-dependent RNA helicase 29 | – | 0.61 | |||
O22178 | Leucine-rich repeat protein kinase family protein | 1.54 | 2.09 | Q9SCL3 | PRE-MRNA SPLICING FACTOR SF2-like protein | – | 1.63 |
Q9FZ59 | Leucine-rich repeat receptor-like protein kinase PEPR2 | 1.70 | 3.38 | Q56YD2 | Nuclear protein-like | 1.77 | 1.83 |
C0LGQ9 | Probable LRR receptor-like serine/threonine-protein kinase At4g20940 | – | 0.65 | Q9LZ82 | AT5g04430/T32M21_30 | – | 3.06 |
Calcium ion and its related proteins | Q9SJK3 | Protein argonaute 5 | 1.69 | – | |||
Q9SVG9 | Calcium-binding protein CML42 | 1.72 | – | Protein level | |||
Q9LT02 | Probable cation-transporting ATPase | 1.53 | – | Q9C514 | 40S ribosomal protein S7-1 | 1.71 | 0.30 |
Q9SMT7 | 4-coumarate-CoA ligase-like 10 | – | 1.50 | Q9SRT5 | Putative translation initiation factor EIF-2B beta subunit, 3’ partial (Fragment) | 0.57 | 0.64 |
Q8L7V5 | AT3g52870/F8J2_40 | – | 0.51 | F4K8L9 | Chaperone DnaJ-domain containing protein | 0.51 | – |
F4IGA4 | Nucleoporin, Nup133/Nup155-like protein | 0.41 | 12.75 | Q9FGZ9 | Ubiquitin-like protein 5 | – | 0.64 |
Protein phosphorylase | Q4FE45 | E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase XBAT33 | – | 0.49 | |||
F4K7Q7 | Dual specificity protein phosphatase family protein | 2.04 | – | Terpene biosynthesis | |||
Q07098 | Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase PP2A-2 catalytic subunit | 1.50 | – | Q9SGY2 | ATP-citrate synthase alpha chain protein 1 | 1.65 | 2.07 |
Q8RXV3 | Probable protein phosphatase 2C 59 | 1.75 | – | Q9FFT4 | Pyruvate decarboxylase 2 | – | 1.72 |
Jasmonic acid synthesis | Q9XFS9 | 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate reductoisomerase, chloroplastic | 1.54 | – | |||
Q8GYA3 | Putative 12-oxophytodienoate reductase-like protein 1 | 1.64 | 2.96 | Q94B35 | 4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate reductase, chloroplastic | 1.54 | – |
Q593I2 | At1g04380 (Fragment) | – | 2.08 | P54873 | Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA synthase | – | 1.60 |
Peroxidase | F4JNF1 | Farnesyl diphosphate synthase 2 | – | 1.50 | |||
F4J504 | Superoxide dismutase | 0.64 | – | F4HRA1 | Cytochrome P450, family 76, subfamily C, polypeptide 5 | – | 2.24 |
O80912 | Peroxidase 23 | – | 0.35 | Carbohydrate synthesis and metabolism | |||
F4JS33 | Peroxidase 50 | – | 0.49 | Q9SGA8 | UDP-glycosyltransferase 83A1 | 3.47 | 2.41 |
O48646 | Probable phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase 6 | 1.52 | – | Q9LXL5 | Sucrose synthase 4 | – | 1.59 |
Signal transduction defense | Q9LJN4 | Probable beta-D-xylosidase 5 | – | 0.56 | |||
P92948 | Cell division cycle 5-like protein | – | 0.60 | Q9M076 | 6-phosphofructokinase 6 | 1.85 | – |
Oxidation and reduction | Q9LFR0 | Alpha-mannosidase II | 1.71 | – | |||
Oxidoreductase | Q85B88 | Ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase large chain (Fragment) | 2.71 | – | |||
O80944 | Aldo-keto reductase family 4 member C8 | 2.65 | 1.56 | Q42306 | Ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase small chain (Fragment) | – | 12.36 |
O65621 | Probable cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase 6 | 1.85 | 2.69 | Transport protein | |||
Q84VY3 | Acyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] desaturase 6, chloroplastic | – | 0.66 | Q56WK6 | Patellin-1 | 0.65 | 0.57 |
Q9SA89 | FAD-binding and BBE domain-containing protein | 2.25 | 1.67 | Q9SRU2 | Auxin transport protein BIG | – | 1.71 |
Q9SVG3 | AT4G20840 protein | 2.68 | 2.61 | O65421 | Vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 28 homolog 1 | 2.40 | – |
Cytochrome | O24520 | Non-symbiotic hemoglobin 1 | 1.92 | 5.16 | |||
Q9LIP3 | Cytochrome P450 71B37 | 1.73 | 1.65 | Q9M1H3 | ABC transporter F family member 4 | – | 0.62 |
Q9CA60 | Cytochrome P450 98A9 | – | 0.58 | F4JL11 | Importin subunit alpha | – | 1.87 |
Q0WTJ5 | Cytochrome P450 like protein (Fragment) | 1.81 | – | O23657 | Ras-related protein RABC1 | – | 0.59 |
Q9LUD0 | Cytochrome P450 | – | 1.51 | C0Z3B2 | AT1G22530 protein | – | 0.60 |
Q9STH8 | Cytochrome P450, family 706, subfamily A, polypeptide 7 | 1.52 | 2.09 | Other functional protein | |||
F4HRA1 | Cytochrome P450, family 76, subfamily C, polypeptide 5 | – | 2.24 | P54967 | Biotin synthase | – | 0.38 |
O22912 | Probable cytochrome c oxidase subunit 5C-1 | 1.72 | – | O80575 | 6,7-dimethyl-8-ribityllumazine synthase, chloroplastic | – | 0.64 |
Synthesis and metabolism of amino acids | P46011 | Bifunctional nitrilase/nitrile hydratase NIT4 | – | 1.57 | |||
Q56WN1 | Glutamine synthetase cytosolic isozyme 1-1 | 0.52 | 1.67 | Q9C8S5 | Chlorophyll A-B-binding protein 2, 5’ partial; 1-750 (Fragment) | 1.64 | – |
Q9M9F1 | Glutathione S-transferase U23 | – | 1.63 | Q8LF21 | Dynamin-related protein 1C | – | 1.5 |
Q9FH05 | Serine carboxypeptidase-like 42 | 0.66 | – | Q0WRQ2 | Enoyl-CoA hydratase like protein | – | 1.52 |
Q94BN4 | Putative methionine synthase | 1.63 | – | Q38939 | GASA5 | – | 1.78 |
Q93Z70 | Probable N-acetyl-gamma-glutamyl-phosphate reductase, chloroplastic | 0.6 | – | Q949M6 | Putative uncharacterized protein At1g55040 | 0.48 | – |
Q9LFB5 | AT5g01210/F7J8_190 | 1.73 | – | Q0WPK8 | Putative uncharacterized protein At1g72470 | 1.77 | – |
Protein synthesis and degradation | Unknown protein | ||||||
DNA level | Q94BQ9 | Integral membrane HRF1-like protein | – | 1.64 | |||
Q9FL33 | DNA replication licensing factor MCM3 homolog | 1.90 | 0.53 | P83755 | Photosystem Q(B) protein | – | 1.97 |
Q05212 | DNA-damage-repair/toleration protein DRT102 | – | 0.64 | Q8GWN7 | Putative uncharacterized protein At5g66090/K2A18_17 | 0.66 | 0.53 |
RNAlevel | Q8LB85 | Putative uncharacterized protein | 0.58 | – | |||
Q8H1D4 | Double-stranded RNA-binding protein 4 | – | 2.28 | Q9SBE3 | T14P8.11 (Fragment) | 3.91 | 5.23 |
Q9ZPY8 | Transcription factor ABA-INDUCIBLE bHLH-TYPE | 1.75 | – | Q2HIQ2 | At1g01170 | – | 0.65 |
Q9SKZ1 | Transcription factor Pur-alpha 1 | 1.91 | – |
© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Peng, W.; Ming, Q.-l.; Zhai, X.; Zhang, Q.; Rahman, K.; Wu, S.-j.; Qin, L.-p.; Han, T. Polysaccharide Fraction Extracted from Endophytic Fungus Trichoderma atroviride D16 Has an Influence on the Proteomics Profile of the Salvia miltiorrhiza Hairy Roots. Biomolecules 2019, 9, 415. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom9090415
Peng W, Ming Q-l, Zhai X, Zhang Q, Rahman K, Wu S-j, Qin L-p, Han T. Polysaccharide Fraction Extracted from Endophytic Fungus Trichoderma atroviride D16 Has an Influence on the Proteomics Profile of the Salvia miltiorrhiza Hairy Roots. Biomolecules. 2019; 9(9):415. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom9090415
Chicago/Turabian StylePeng, Wei, Qian-liang Ming, Xin Zhai, Qing Zhang, Khalid Rahman, Si-jia Wu, Lu-ping Qin, and Ting Han. 2019. "Polysaccharide Fraction Extracted from Endophytic Fungus Trichoderma atroviride D16 Has an Influence on the Proteomics Profile of the Salvia miltiorrhiza Hairy Roots" Biomolecules 9, no. 9: 415. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom9090415