IL-37 Gene and Cholesterol Metabolism: Association of Polymorphisms with the Presence of Hypercholesterolemia and Cardiovascular Risk Factors. The GEA Mexican Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Genetic Analysis
2.3. Functional Prediction Analysis
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of the Study Group
3.2. Association of the IL-37 Polymorphisms and Haplotypes with HC
3.3. Association of the IL-37 Polymorphisms with Cardiovascular Risk Factors
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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No HC n = 778 | HC n = 514 | p | |
---|---|---|---|
Demographic | |||
Gender (% male) | 51.1 | 48.8 | 0.41 |
Age (years) | 53 ± 9.8 | 54.2 ± 8.4 | 0.02 |
Clinical and Biochemical Characteristics | |||
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 28.1 ± 4.1 | 28.5 ± 3.8 | 0.10 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 116 ± 17 | 118.7 ± 18.2 | 0.02 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 71 ± 9.2 | 73.2 ± 9.8 | 0.001 |
Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 132 (98–184) | 175 (134–239) | <0.001 |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 169.5 ± 21.7 | 227.5 ± 24.6 | <0.001 |
HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 44.4 ± 12.6 | 48.6 ± 13.7 | <0.001 |
LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 100.3 ± 20.9 | 145.9 ± 25.9 | <0.001 |
Glucose (mg/dL) | 99.2 ± 34.1 | 99.8 ± 33.7 | 0.75 |
Insulin (μU/mL) | 17.2 (12.3–23.8) | 17.3 (12.5–23) | 0.92 |
HOMA-IR | 3.9 (2.65–5.71) | 4.0 (2.7–5.8) | 0.59 |
hs-CRP (mg/L) | 1.39 (0.78–2.9) | 1.65 (0.85–3.37) | 0.16 |
Visceral adipose tissue (cm2) | 146 (105–188) | 155 (116–204) | 0.003 |
Lifestyle | |||
Physical Activity Index | 7.8 ± 1.27 | 7.8 ± 1.2 | 0.99 |
Alcohol, gr/day | 0.29 (0.01–1.47) | 0.45 (0.09–1.47) | 0.01 |
Smoke, % | |||
Current | 172 (22.1) | 111 (21.6) | 0.93 |
Past | 290 (37.8) | 189 (36.7) | |
Never | 316 (40.6) | 214 (41.6) | |
Saturated fat intake (kcal) | 226.8 ± 83.2 | 221.5 ± 85.3 | 0.27 |
Medical History, % | |||
Hypoalphalipoproteinemia | 56 | 42 | <0.001 |
Hypertriglyceridemia | 40 | 64 | <0.001 |
LDL-cholesterol ≥ 130 mg/dL | 5.1 | 76 | <0.001 |
Obesity | 30.4 | 32.4 | 0.13 |
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus | 15 | 11.2 | 0.03 |
Hypertension | 23.5 | 25.4 | 0.22 |
hsCRP ≥ 3 mg/dL | 24.6 | 29.1 | 0.042 |
Lipid-lowering therapy | 14 | 20 | 0.001 |
Polymorphism | Genotype Frequency | MAF | Model | OR (95% CI) | p | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
rs2708961 | TT | TC | CC | ||||
No (n = 778) | 0.91 | 0.08 | 0.001 | 0.04 | Codominant 1 | 0.51 (0.28–0.93) | 0.02 |
Yes (n = 514) | 0.94 | 0.05 | 0 | 0.02 | |||
rs2723187 | CC | CT | TT | ||||
No (n = 778) | 0.93 | 0.06 | 0.001 | 0.03 | Codominant 1 | 0.35 (0.17–0.73) | 0.005 |
Yes (n = 514) | 0.96 | 0.03 | 0 | 0.01 | |||
rs2708947 | TT | TC | CC | ||||
No (n = 778) | 0.91 | 0.07 | 0.001 | 0.04 | Codominant 1 | 0.49 (0.26–0.92) | 0.02 |
Yes (n = 514) | 0.94 | 0.04 | 0.001 | 0.02 |
Haplotype | Sequence | HC YES | NO | OR (95%CI) | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
H1 | C-C-T-T-C-A-C-T-G | 0.874 | 0.859 | 1.13 (0.89–1.43) | 0.142 |
H2 | C-C-C-T-C-A-C-T-G | 0.097 | 0.102 | 0.93 (0.71–1.22) | 0.310 |
H3 | A-T-C-C-T-G-T-C-A | 0.013 | 0.027 | 0.46 (0.25–0.88) | 0.007 |
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López-Bautista, F.; Posadas-Sánchez, R.; Vázquez-Vázquez, C.; Fragoso, J.M.; Rodríguez-Pérez, J.M.; Vargas-Alarcón, G. IL-37 Gene and Cholesterol Metabolism: Association of Polymorphisms with the Presence of Hypercholesterolemia and Cardiovascular Risk Factors. The GEA Mexican Study. Biomolecules 2020, 10, 1409. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom10101409
López-Bautista F, Posadas-Sánchez R, Vázquez-Vázquez C, Fragoso JM, Rodríguez-Pérez JM, Vargas-Alarcón G. IL-37 Gene and Cholesterol Metabolism: Association of Polymorphisms with the Presence of Hypercholesterolemia and Cardiovascular Risk Factors. The GEA Mexican Study. Biomolecules. 2020; 10(10):1409. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom10101409
Chicago/Turabian StyleLópez-Bautista, Fabiola, Rosalinda Posadas-Sánchez, Christian Vázquez-Vázquez, José Manuel Fragoso, José Manuel Rodríguez-Pérez, and Gilberto Vargas-Alarcón. 2020. "IL-37 Gene and Cholesterol Metabolism: Association of Polymorphisms with the Presence of Hypercholesterolemia and Cardiovascular Risk Factors. The GEA Mexican Study" Biomolecules 10, no. 10: 1409. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom10101409