Fleet Management and Control System for Medium-Sized Cities Based in Intelligent Transportation Systems: From Review to Proposal in a City
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- A literature review (with scientific mapping and systematic review) of FMCS.
- Proposal of an ITS architecture for the FMCS in medium-sized cities in the Latin American context, by previously identifying suitable requirements for an FMCS in such context. In addition to the ITS architecture, suggested technologies and a prototype were defined.
- Experiments for validating usage of the suggested technology and prototype in a case study (Popayán medium-sized Colombian city).
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Literature Review
- General Flow Settings. In this step, the configuration for mapping was determined. A query string was determined and used with the SCOPUS database (due to its compatibility with SciMAT and high worldwide recognition). In the definition of time segments to allow a longitudinal analysis and discover the conceptual evolution of the field of study, three consecutive periods were considered: 2014–2015, 2016–2017, 2018–2020.
- Analysis of Results. Strategic diagrams were initially generated to measure the performance, quality of the subject, and subject areas detected. Subsequently, a review of the evolution was performed, considering the number of keywords and the number of shared keywords in the different subperiods, and the thematic evolution of the research.
- Mapping conclusions. Relevant topics and other important aspects were identified to perform the systematic review.
- Identification phase. A bibliographic search was performed on the following topics: Intelligent Transportation System, communications, security, and Fleet Management and Control System (FMCS). The three selected databases were: IEEE Xplore Library, eBook Academic Collection (EBSCO), and ScienceDirect. The search was limited to documents published over the last five years. This search was concluded in March 2020. These databases were chosen in addition to SCOPUS (which was used in the scientific mapping) to achieve two objectives: (1) expand the scope of the review, thus enriching the model through different sources of information, and (2) to check the relationship between scientific mapping and systematic review.
- Screening phase. All the documents from the different sources were joined and duplicates were eliminated. Then, the abstract of each document was reviewed; those documents not showing a direct relationship to the purpose of the review were discarded.
- Eligibility phase. The remaining documents were fully reviewed and filtered according to in-depth criteria defined in the previous phases of the systematic review and the results obtained from the scientific mapping.
- Included phase. The documents were divided into four different groups in this phase. Subsequently, a qualitative synthesis was performed for all groups, and according to the parameters defined for each one, quantitative synthesis was made for the same four groups.
2.2. Proposal of ITS Architecture for FMCS and Prototype
- Transit vehicle location technology (considering speed measurement).
- Communication technology between the transit vehicles and Transit Management Center.
- Technology to guarantee the security of the information transmitted between vehicles and the Transit Management Center.
- Technology to guarantee the security between other modules of the system.
- Range (approximately 5 km in urban areas with line of sight).
- Transmission speed (37.5 kbps).
- Use in “free” frequencies (ISM), which do not require a spectrum use license.
- Its ability to send unlimited messages. Here it is important to highlight that the packet size of this technology is relatively small (255 bytes), however, its ability to send unlimited messages counters this weakness.
- Its status in the global market, achieving rapid growth for IoT communications, rivaling NB IoT as the best in the LPWAN field [28].
- The level of security. LoRa implements a handy protocol called “Long Range Wide-Area Network” (LoRaWAN), designed to wirelessly connect “things” to the internet with a bidirectional communication featuring end-to-end security [27].
- Data packets can be sent simultaneously, thus eliminating collision problems.
2.3. Prototype Experiments for Validation
3. Literature Review Results
3.1. Scientific Mapping
- General Flow Settings. The initial configuration for mapping yielded 1729 results, three of them were deleted due to format issues or replication. Once filtered by time period, 434 documents were included in the 2014–2015 category, 543 in the 2016–2017 category, and 749 in the 2018–2020 category.
- Analysis of Results. The strategic diagrams show that in all the studied subperiods, the emerging (wireless-telecommunication-systems, sustainable-development, Internet of Things) and driving (security, intelligent systems, ITS, ad hoc networks) topics achieved the highest citations scores and impacts. It was also possible to determine a series of trends in the characteristics and technologies used for the systems under investigation, including security and Intelligent Transport Systems (ITSs). Figure 1 presents the strategic diagrams of the three time periods considered, based on the number of published documents. Through the revision of the evolution, it was evident that three themes (security, ITS, wireless communication systems) found in the strategic diagrams are identified as relevant, confirming their importance for the systematic review.
- Mapping conclusions. The topics related to security, ITS, transit systems, wireless communication technologies, and IoT, should be deemed as relevant in the systematic review.
3.2. Systematic Review
3.2.1. Mobility Services of FMCS
3.2.2. Mobility Services other than FMCS
3.2.3. Implementation of Algorithms and Improvements Related to FMCS
3.2.4. Security Applications Related to FMCS
3.3. Literature Review Conclusions
4. ITS Architecture Proposed for the FMCS
4.1. Identification of FMCS Requirements
- The location of the transit vehicle in an FMCS is mainly done through GNSS technology. Although there is evidence of other technologies used for location (Bluetooth, WiFi, RFID), they do not allow continuous tracking, only detecting the arrival of the vehicle at stops, due to the limited range they have.
- Controlling the speed of the transit vehicle is a relevant factor in identifying accident risks, complying with traffic regulations, and identifying inappropriate driving behaviors. The use of GNSS technology for location has the additional advantage of measuring the speed of the vehicle on the route.
- Communication technologies for mobility services such as fleet management, applied in the context of this work, must also involve low costs (due to budget constraints these types of cities have). Aspects such as: wide range operation, sufficient data rate, sufficient bandwidth, licensing of the frequency spectrum used, and suitable packet size must be taken into account.
- Most recent cases use the LPWAN LoRa technology as a means for communication between vehicles and Transit Management Center.
- Few cases consider information security. However, this feature should be taken into account in the implementation of these systems, for guaranteeing trust and integrity. The information security in the system must be evaluated from different fronts, one is integrity and authentication between the vehicles and the Transit Management Center; another is user authentication for system managers; finally, exchange of information between modules is a key issue because there is no manual authentication process, nevertheless, the use of REST APIs mitigates this problem by means of a transport layer security (TLS) encryption. The HTTPS protocol also allows the integration of authentication headers. There are different authentication methods, the one recommended in this proposal is based on an API key, which also allows configuring the authorization to the information (providing limited access to resources), also offering the possibility of performing analysis and supervision of who uses the API, when and how.
- Most of the implemented security schemes are related to vehicle communications and authentication. Regarding vehicle communications, some proposals improve upon aspects such as reliability, operational range, transmission rates, and attack prevention. In authentication, the focus is towards the identification and access of system users, which in turn enable validity in the information they transmit and receive.
- The exchanged data between vehicles and the system control modules in an FMCS must allow the vehicle to send data such as its location, arrival at assigned stops, and in some cases, the number of passengers. In turn, the vehicle must receive the information about the assigned route, the changes in this route, alerts, and assigned schedules.
- In an FMCS the vehicle must receive information sent from the Traffic Management Center, so the communication technology must implement “downlink” messages to facilitate this process.
- The use of suitable ITS architectures and their related services facilitate scalability and interoperability with other services. In most of the studied cases, these principles are taken into account; however, a large percentage of such cases do not correspond to architectures or services that are appropriate to a particular context.
4.2. Reference ITS Architectures Review
4.2.1. ARC-IT (Architecture Reference for Cooperative and Intelligent Transportation)
4.2.2. Framework Architecture Made for Europe (FRAME)
4.2.3. ITS Architectures Initiatives in Colombia
4.3. Proposed ITS Architecture
4.4. FMCS Prototype Network Diagram
5. Design and Results of Prototype Experiments
6. Discussion
7. Conclusions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- INRIX. INRIX 2018 Global Traffic Scorecard. Available online: http://inrix.com/press-releases/scorecard-2017/ (accessed on 17 August 2019).
- Moreno, S.; Cifuentes, S.; Bohórquez, G.; Forero, C.; Hernández, H.; Insuasty, J.; Rodríguez, J.; Romero, J.; Solano, C.; Tello, J.; et al. Behavior of Deaths and Injuries by Transportation Accidents 2018. In Foreins, Datos Para la Vida, 2018th ed.; National Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences: Bogotá, Colombia, 2018; pp. 295–336. [Google Scholar]
- Departamento Nacional de Planeación (DNP). Colombia-Baseline-SETP Armenia-General information. 2012. Available online: https://anda.dnp.gov.co/index.php/catalog/58/overview (accessed on 13 August 2020).
- Yepes, T.; Junca, J.C.; Aguilar, J. The Integration of Urban Transport Systems in Colombia, A Reform in Transition. Available online: https://repository.fedesarrollo.org.co/bitstream/handle/11445/175/La%20integracion%20de%20los%20sistemas%20de%20transporte%20urbano%20en%20Colombia%20-%20Findeter.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y (accessed on 13 August 2020).
- Gössling, S. ICT and transport behavior: A conceptual review. Int. J. Sustain. Transp. 2018, 12, 153–164. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rueda, R.Z.; Díaz, D.F.C.; Zambrano, C.O. Use of Information and Communication Technologies in Urban Mobility in Intelligent Cities, from a Systematic Review. Espacios 2018, 39. [Google Scholar]
- Seguí Pons, J.M.; Martínez Reynés, M.R. Intelligent Transport Systems and Their Effects on Urban and Interurban Mobility. In Scripta Nova; Electronic Journal of Geography and Social Sciences: Barcelona, Spain, 2004. [Google Scholar]
- Billhardt, H.; Fernández, A.; Lemus, L.; Lujak, M.; Osman, N.; Ossowski, S.; Sierra, C. Dynamic Coordination in Fleet Management Systems: Toward Smart Cyber Fleets. IEEE Intell. Syst. 2014, 29, 70–76. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Billhardt, H.; Fernández, A.; Lemus, L.; Lujak, M.; Osman, N.; Ossowski, S.; Sierra, C. ITS development in Colombia: Challenges and opportunities. In 2018 ICAI Workshops (ICAIW); IEEE: New York, NY, USA, 2018; pp. i–vi. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Casanova, O.L.; Flores, R.G.; Ortiz, J.M. Implementation of an Efficient Transportation Fleet Management System for Economic Sustainability in a Transport Company. Ph.D. Thesis, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas México, Ciudad Victoria, Mexico, 2012. [Google Scholar]
- Marín, C. Método Para la Gestión Eficiente del Combustible en Flotas de Vehículos Con Rutas Fijas. Aplicación a Una Empresa de Construcción; Universidad de Sevilla: Sevilla, Spain, 2012. [Google Scholar]
- Álvarez León, J.C.; Calle Erráez, D.F. Determination of the Operation Costs for the Transportation of Passengers in the Bus-Type, in the Urban Sector of the City of Cuenca, Based on the New Integrated Transportation System. Bachelor’s Thesis, Universidad del Cauca, Popayán, Colombia, 2014. [Google Scholar]
- World Health Organization (WHO). Traffic Accidents. Available online: https://www.who.int/es/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/road-traffic-injuries (accessed on 13 August 2020).
- Boshita, T.; Suzuki, H.; Matsumoto, Y. IoT-based Bus Location System Using LoRaWAN. In Proceedings of the 2018 21st International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC), Maui, HI, USA, 4–7 November 2018; IEEE: New York, NY, USA, 2018; p. 6. [Google Scholar]
- Chaudhari, B.S.; Zennaro, M. LPWAN Technologies for IoT and M2M Applications; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2020. [Google Scholar]
- Wang, C.-S.; Wang, W.-H.A.; Chang, T.-R.; Lin, M.-C. Integrated design structure system for modular design in products development. In Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management, Hong Kong, China, 8 December 2009; pp. 1121–1125. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dellios, K.; Papanikas, D.; Polemi, D. Information Security Compliance over Intelligent Transport Systems: Is It Possible? IEEE Secur. Priv. 2015, 13, 9–15. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Medina Iriarte, J. Standards for Information Security with Information Technologies. Bachelor’s Thesis, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile, 2014. [Google Scholar]
- Villaveces, A. Defense of Safe and Healthy Public Transport. Available online: https://iris.paho.org/bitstream/handle/10665.2/28274/9789275331408_spa.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y (accessed on 13 February 2020).
- Salazar, R.; Cruz, A.; Molina, J. Fleet management and control system from intelligent transportation systems perspective. In Proceedings of the 2019 2nd Latin American Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS LATAM), Bogota, Colombia, 19–20 March 2019; IEEE: New York, NY, USA, 2019; pp. 1–7. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Salazar, R.; Pachón, Á. Methodology for design of an intelligent transport system (ITS) architecture for intermediate colombian city. In Ingeniería y Competitividad; Universidad del Valle: Valle del Cauca, Colombia, 2019; Volume 21, pp. 49–62. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Cobo, M.J.; Herrera-Viedma, E.; Herrera, F.; López-Herrera, A. SciMAT: A new science mapping analysis software tool. J. Am. Soc. Inf. Sci. Technol. 2012, 63, 1609–1630. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Moher, D.; Liberati, A.; Tetzlaff, J.; Altman, U.G. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement. PLoS Med. 2009, 6, e1000097. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Palacios Ibarra, M.A.; Zúñiga Pérez, S.L. Analysis of Radio Technologies for the Transmission of Information to the User of a Fleet Control System. Bachelor’s Thesis, Universidad del Cauca, Popayán, Colombia, 2019. [Google Scholar]
- Qadir, Q.M.; Rashid, T.A.; Al-Salihi, N.K.; Ismael, B.; Kist, A.A.; Zhang, Z. Low Power Wide Area Networks: A Survey of Enabling Technologies, Applications and Interoperability Needs. IEEE Access 2018, 6, 77454–77473. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Raza, U.; Kulkarni, P.; Sooriyabandara, M. Low Power Wide Area Networks: An Overview. IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor. 2017, 19, 855–873. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- About LoRaWAN®|LoRa Alliance®. Available online: https://lora-alliance.org/about-lorawan (accessed on 22 July 2020).
- LPWAN: The Fastest Growing IoT Communication Technology. IoT Now—How to Run an IoT Enabled Business. 29 October 2018. Available online: https://www.iot-now.com/2018/10/29/89895-lpwan-fastest-growing-iot-communication-technology/ (accessed on 9 August 2020).
- Adelantado, F.; Vilajosana, X.; Melia-Segui, J.; Watteyne, T.; Tuset-Peiro, P.; Martinez, B. Understanding the Limits of LoRaWAN. IEEE Commun. Mag. 2017, 55, 34–40. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Navarro Astudillo, E.O.; Quintero Flórez, V.M. Radio Electric Coverage Estimation Software Prototype Tool for Planning an IoT Network. Bachelor’s Thesis, Universidad del Cauca, Popayán, Colombia, 2019. [Google Scholar]
- Rodríguez, D.R.C.; LaGuardia, A.S.M.; Abreu, A.G. Architecture based in open source hardware and software for designing a real time vehicle tracking device. Sist. Telemática 2018, 16, 49–61. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shin, D.-K.; Jung, H.; Chung, K.-Y.; Park, R.C. Performance analysis of advanced bus information system using LTE antenna. Multimed. Tools Appl. 2013, 74, 9043–9054. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Killeen, P.; Ding, B.; Kiringa, I.; Yeap, T. IoT-based predictive maintenance for fleet management. Procedia Comput. Sci. 2019, 151, 607–613. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vitale, A.; Festa, D.C.; Guido, G.; Rogano, D. A Decision Support System based on Smartphone Probes as a Tool to Promote Public Transport. Procedia Soc. Behav. Sci. 2014, 111, 224–231. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sandoval, E.E.; Hidalgo, D. TransMilenio: A High Capacity—Low Cost Bus Rapid Transit System Developed for Bogotá, Colombia. Urban Public Transp. Syst. 2004, 37–49. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Wang, Q.; Wang, Q. Study on real-time bus arrival information system based on Bluetooth. In Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE Third International Conference on Information Science and Technology (ICIST), Yangzhou, China, 23–25 March 2013; p. 70. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Handte, M.; Foell, S.; Wagner, S.; Kortuem, G.; Marron, P.J. An Internet-of-Things Enabled Connected Navigation System for Urban Bus Riders. IEEE Internet Things J. 2016, 3, 735–744. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Data Analysis and Information Security of an Internet of Things (IoT) Intelligent Transit System—IEEE Conference Publication. Available online: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8374744 (accessed on 6 February 2020).
- Magdum, N.; Patil, S.; Maldar, A.; Tamhankar, S. A low cost M2M architecture for intelligent public transit. In Proceedings of the 2015 International Conference on Pervasive Computing (ICPC), Pune, India, 8 January 2015; pp. 1–5. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gowda, V.R.C.; Gopalakrishna, K. Real time vehicle fleet management and security system. In Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE Recent Advances in Intelligent Computational Systems (RAICS), Kerala, India, 10–12 December 2015; IEEE: New York, NY, USA, 2015; pp. 417–421. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Heredia, X.C.; Barriga, C.H.; Piedra, D.I.; Oleas, G.D.; Flor, A.C. Monitoring System for Intelligent Transportation System Based in ZigBee. In Proceedings of the 2019 UNSA International Symposium on Communications (UNSA ISCOMM), Arequipa, Peru, 28–29 March 2019; IEEE: New York, NY, USA, 2019; pp. 1–6. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Geetha, S.; Cicilia, D. IoT enabled intelligent bus transportation system. In Proceedings of the 2017 2nd International Conference on Communication and Electronics Systems (ICCES), Coimbatore, India, 19–20 October 2017; IEEE: New York, NY, USA, 2017; pp. 7–11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sungur, C.; Babaoglu, I.; Sungur, A. Smart Bus Station-Passenger Information System. In Proceedings of the 2015 2nd International Conference on Information Science and Control Engineering, Shanghai, China, 24–26 April 2015; pp. 921–925. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Farooq, M.U.; Shakoor, A.; Siddique, A.B. GPS based Public Transport Arrival Time Prediction. In Proceedings of the 2017 International Conference on Frontiers of Information Technology (FIT), Islamabad, Pakistan, 18–20 December 2017; pp. 76–81. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Luo, X.-G.; Zhang, H.-B.; Zhang, Z.; Yu, Y.; Li, K. A New Framework of Intelligent Public Transportation System Based on the Internet of Things. IEEE Access 2019, 7, 55290–55304. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Public Transport Vehicle Tracking Service for Intermediate Cities of Developing Countries, Based on ITS Architecture Using Internet of Things (IoT)—IEEE Conference Publication. Available online: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8569906 (accessed on 8 February 2020).
- Kumar, T.; Gupta, S.; Kushwaha, D.S. A smart cost effective public transporation system: An ingenious location tracking of public transit vehicles. In Proceedings of the 2017 5th International Symposium on Computational and Business Intelligence (ISCBI), Dubai, UAE, 11–14 August 2017; pp. 134–138. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mejía, J.A.S.; Orozco Gutiérrez, Á.Á.; Mejía, S.E. Technological web platform for integrated public transport system (SITP) of the West Center Metropolitan Area in Colombia. In Proceedings of the 2015 CHILEAN Conference on Electrical, Electronics Engineering, Information and Communication Technologies (CHILECON), Santiago, Chile, 28–30 October 2015; pp. 763–770. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sutar, S.; Koul, R.; Suryavanshi, R. Integration of smart phone and IOT for development of smart public transportation system. In Proceedings of the 2016 International Conference on Internet of Things and Applications (IOTA), Pune, India, 22–24 January 2016; pp. 73–78. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- García, C.R.; Quesada-Arencibia, A.; Cristóbal, T.; Padrón, G.; Alayón, F. Systematic Development of Intelligent Systems for Public Road Transport. Sensors 2016, 16, 1104. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Zguira, Y.; Rivano, H.; Meddeb, A. Internet of Bikes: A DTN Protocol with Data Aggregation for Urban Data Collection. Sensors 2018, 18, 2819. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Zambrano, A.; Calderón, X.; Ortiz, E.; Zambrano, O. Intelligent Heterogeneous Transportation System in Quito City Under the Paradigm SWE-SOS Standard and loT Notifications. In Proceedings of the 2019 14th Iberian Conference on Information Systems and Technologies (CISTI), Coimbra, Portugal, 19–22 June 2019. [Google Scholar]
- Zaheer, T.; Malik, A.W.; Rahman, A.U.; Zahir, A.; Fraz, M.M. A vehicular network–based intelligent transport system for smart cities. Int. J. Distrib. Sens. Netw. 2019, 15. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wilhelm, E.; Siegel, J.E.; Mayer, S.; Sadamori, L.; Dsouza, S.; Chau, S.C.-K.; Sarma, S. Cloudthink: A scalable secure platform for mirroring transportation systems in the cloud. Transport 2015, 30, 320–329. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Martín-Fernández, F.; Caballero-Gil, P.; Caballero-Gil, C. A Mobile Platform System to Driving Assistance. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Information Technologies, Libertad City, Ecuador, 10–12 January 2016; pp. 284–290. [Google Scholar]
- Stancel, I.N.; Surugiu, M.C. Fleet Management System for Truck Platoons—Generating an Optimum Route in Terms of Fuel Consumption. Procedia Eng. 2017, 181, 861–867. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Surugiu, M.C.; Stancel, I.N. Fleet Management Cooperative Systems for Commercial Vehicles. Procedia Technol. 2016, 22, 984–990. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Penna, M.; Arjun, B.; Goutham, K.R.; Madhaw, L.N.; Sanjay, K.G. Smart fleet monitoring system using Internet of Things (IoT). In Proceedings of the 2017 2nd IEEE International Conference on Recent Trends in Electronics, Information Communication Technology (RTEICT), Bangalore, India, 19–20 May 2017; IEEE: New York, NY, USA, 2017; pp. 1232–1236. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mallegowda, M.; Nete, V.; Kanavalli, A. Intelligent transportation system based on the principles of service-oriented architecture. In Proceedings of the 2015 Twelfth International Conference on Wireless and Optical Communications Networks (WOCN), Bangalore, India, 9–11 September 2015; IEEE: New York, NY, USA, 2015; pp. 1–5. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gheorghiu, R.A.; Iordache, V.; Cormos, A.C. Analysis of handshake time for bluetooth communications to be implemented in vehicular environments. In Proceedings of the 2017 40th International Conference on Telecommunications and Signal Processing (TSP), Barcelona, Spain, 5–7 July 2017; pp. 144–147. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ordache, V.; Gheorghiu, R.A.; Minea, M.; Cormos, A.C. Field testing of Bluetooth and ZigBee technologies for vehicle-to-infrastructure applications. In Proceedings of the 2017 13th International Conference on Advanced Technologies, Systems and Services in Telecommunications (TELSIKS), Niš, Serbia, 18–20 October 2017; pp. 248–251. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cui, S.; Xing, Y.; Lu, B.; Wang, H. The Application of ZigBee Technology to the Intelligent Bus Query System. In Proceedings of the 2014 Sixth International Conference on Measuring Technology and Mechatronics Automation, Zhangjiajie, China, 10–11 January 2014; pp. 672–675. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shree, K.L.; Penubaku, L.; Nandihal, G. A novel approach of using security enabled Zigbee in vehicular communication. In Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Computing Research (ICCIC), Chennai, India, 15–17 December 2016; pp. 1–5. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chou, Y.S.; Mo, Y.C.; Su, J.P.; Chang, W.J.; Chen, L.B.; Tang, J.J.; Yu, C.T. i-Car system: A LoRa-based low power wide area networks vehicle diagnostic system for driving safety. In Proceedings of the 2017 International Conference on Applied System Innovation (ICASI), Sapporo, Japan, 13–17 May 2017; pp. 789–791. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mompotes Pizo, D.R.; Muñoz Narvaez, J.A. Traffic Light Mobility Management Prototype for Ambulances, Under the Smart City Concept. Bachelor’s Thesis, Universidad del Cauca, Popayán, Colombia, 2019. [Google Scholar]
- Oh, H.; Ahn, S.-H. A Full-Duplex Relay Based Hybrid Transmission Mechanism for the MIMO-Capable Cooperative Intelligent Transport System. Int. J. Distrib. Sens. Netw. 2015, 11, 1–11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cardoso, F.; Serrador, A.; Canas, T. Algorithms for Road Safety Based on GPS and Communications Systems WAVE. Procedia Technol. 2014, 17, 640–649. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Polo, A.; Robol, F.; Nardin, C.; Marchesi, S.; Zorer, A.; Zappini, L.; Viani, F.; Massa, A. Decision support system for fleet management based on TETRA terminals geolocation. In Proceedings of the 8th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP 2014), The Hague, The Netherlands, 6–11 April 2014; IEEE: New York, NY, USA, 2014; pp. 1195–1198. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Sadanandan, L.; Nithin, S. A smart transportation system facilitating on-demand bus and route allocation. In Proceedings of the 2017 International Conference on Advances in Computing, Communications and Informatics (ICACCI), Daegu, Korea, 19–20 May 2017; IEEE: New York, NY, USA, 2017; pp. 1000–1003. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, S.Y.; Chang, C.H. Supporting TCP-Based Remote Managements of LoRa/LoRaWAN Devices. In Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE 90th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2019-Fall), Honolulu, HI, USA, 22–25 September 2019; IEEE: New York, NY, USA, 2019; pp. 1–5. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Siwach, A.; Verma, D. Analysis of Security Problems in Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks using LTE Cellular Network. Int. J. Comput. Sci. Manag. Stud. 2015, 15, 7–10. [Google Scholar]
- Vasudev, H.; Das, D. Secure Lightweight Data Transmission Scheme for Vehicular Ad hoc Networks. In Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE International Conference on Advanced Networks and Telecommunications Systems (ANTS), Indore, India, 16–19 December 2018; IEEE: New York, NY, USA, 2018; pp. 1–6. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhu, H.; Yuan, Y.; Chen, Y.; Zha, Y.; Xi, W.; Jia, B.; Xin, Y. A Secure and Efficient Data Integrity Verification Scheme for Cloud-IoT Based on Short Signature. IEEE Access 2019, 7, 90036–90044. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- International Organization for Standardization (ISO). ISO 14813-1:2015. 2015. Available online: https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:std:iso:14813:-1:ed-2:v1:en (accessed on 17 August 2019).
- The National ITS Reference Architecture. Architecture Reference for Cooperative and Intelligent Transportation; Iteris: Santa Ana, CA, USA, 2019. [Google Scholar]
- Relationship with the ITS Action Plan and ITS Directive|FRAME ARCHITECTURE. Available online: https://frame-online.eu/frame-architecture/detailed-information/relationship-with-the-its-action-plan-and-its-directive (accessed on 11 June 2020).
- Service Packages. Available online: https://local.iteris.com/arc-it/html/servicepackages/servicepackages-areaspsort.html (accessed on 11 June 2020).
- The Browsing Tool|FRAME ARCHITECTURE. Available online: https://frame-online.eu/frame-architecture/the-browsing-tool (accessed on 11 June 2020).
- Andinatraffic. 8°va FERIA ANDINATRAFFIC y 1°er Congreso ITS LATAM; Sofex Americas: Cundinamarca, Colombia, 2017; p. 136. [Google Scholar]
- Arquitectura Nacional ITS de Colombia. Available online: http://www.consystec.com/colombia/web/ (accessed on 21 August 2019).
- Bankov, D.; Khorov, E.; Lyakhov, A. On the Limits of LoRaWAN Channel Access. In Proceedings of the 2016 International Conference on Engineering and Telecommunication (EnT), Dolgoprudny, Russia, 29–30 November 2016; IEEE: New York, NY, USA, 2016; pp. 10–14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sanchez-Iborra, R.; Sanchez-Gómez, J.; Ballesta-Viñas, J.; Cano, M.-D.; Gómez, A.F.S. Performance Evaluation of LoRa Considering Scenario Conditions. Sensors 2018, 18, 772. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Georgiou, O.; Raza, U. Low Power Wide Area Network Analysis: Can LoRa Scale? IEEE Wirel. Commun. Lett. 2017, 6, 162–165. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- The Things Network. Available online: https://thethingsnetwork.org/ (accessed on 14 July 2020).
Article | Communication Technology | Based on ITS | Implementation Type | Applied Environment | Use of Security |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Architecture based on open-source hardware and software for designing a real-time vehicle tracking device. (English) [31]. | Cellular network (GSM) | No | Real | Medium-sized city for Latin American context | No |
Performance analysis of advanced bus information system using LTE antenna [32]. | Cellular network (LTE) | Yes | Not specified | Not specified | No |
IoT-based predictive maintenance for fleet management [33]. | WiFi and cellular network | Yes | Real | Not specified | No |
A Decision Support System based on smartphone probes as a tool to promote public transport [34]. | Cellular network (GSM, GPRS and UMTS) | Yes | Simulation | Small town for European context | No |
TransMilenio: A High Capacity—Low-Cost Bus Rapid Transit System Developed for Bogotá, Colombia [35]. | Cellular network | No | Does not apply | Big city for Latin American context | No |
Study on Real-time Bus Arrival Information System Based on Bluetooth [36]. | Bluetooth and cellular network | Yes | Not specified | Not specified | No |
An Internet-of-Things-Enabled Connected Navigation System for Urban Bus Riders [37]. | WiFi and cellular network | Yes | Real | Big city for European context | No |
Fleet Management and Control System from Intelligent Transportation Systems perspective [20]. | LoRa | Yes | Not specified | Medium-sized city for Latin American context | No |
Data analysis and information security of an Internet of Things (IoT) intelligent transit system [38]. | WiFi | No | Real | Small town for American context | Yes |
A low-cost M2M architecture for intelligent public transit [39]. | ZigBee and cellular network | No | Real | Not specified | No |
Real-time vehicle fleet management and security system [40]. | Cellular network (GSM) | No | Real | Not specified | Yes |
Monitoring System for Intelligent Transportation System Based in ZigBee [41]. | ZigBee | No | Simulation | Medium-sized city for Latin American context | No |
IoT enabled intelligent bus transportation system [42]. | RFID and cellular network | No | Real (laboratory) | Not specified | No |
Smart Bus Station-Passenger Information System [43]. | WiFi and cellular network | No | Real | Cities in a European context | No |
GPS based Public Transport Arrival Time Prediction [44]. | Cellular network (GSM) | No | Real | Big city for Asian context | No |
A New Framework of Intelligent Public Transportation System Based on the Internet of Things [45]. | ZigBee, Bluetooth, and cellular network (GSM, GPRS and 4G) | Yes | Real | Big city for Asian context | No |
Public Transport Vehicle Tracking Service for Intermediate Cities of Developing Countries, based on ITS Architecture using Internet of Things (IoT) [46]. | Cellular network and WiFi | Si | Real | Medium-sized city for Latin American context | Yes |
A smart cost-effective public transportation system: An ingenious location tracking of public transit vehicles [47]. | RFID and Ethernet | No | Simulation | Not specified | No |
Technological web platform for integrated public transport system (SITP) of the West Center Metropolitan Area in Colombia [48]. | Does not apply | No | Real | Medium-sized city for Latin American context | No |
Integration of Smartphone and IoT for development of Smart Public Transportation System [49]. | Cellular network (3G) | No | Real | Not specified | No |
Systematic Development of Intelligent Systems for Public Road Transport [50]. | WiFi | Yes | Real | Not specified | No |
Analysis of Radio Technologies for the Transmission of Information to the User of a Fleet Control System [24]. | LoRa and Ethernet | No | Real | Medium-sized city for Latin American context | No |
Article | Communication Technology | Service | Based on ITS | Implementation Type | Applied Environment | Use of Security |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Internet of Bikes: A DTN Protocol with Data Aggregation for Urban Data Collection [51]. | WiFi | Bicycle tracking | Yes | Simulation | Medium-sized city for European context | No |
Heterogeneous Intelligent Transportation System in Quito city under the paradigm of the SWE-SOS standard and IoT notifications [52]. | Cellular network (GSM) | General traffic | Yes | Real | Medium-sized city for Latin American context | No |
A vehicular network-based intelligent transport system for smart cities [53]. | WiFi | General traffic | Yes | Simulation | Cities for Asian context | Yes |
Cloudthink: a scalable secure platform for mirroring transportation systems in the cloud [54]. | Cellular network (GPRS) | General traffic | Yes | Real | Not specified | Yes |
A mobile platform system for driving assistance [55]. | Cellular network, Bluetooth and WiFi | General traffic | Yes | Not specified | Not specified | Yes |
Fleet Management System for Truck Platoons—Generating an Optimum Route in Terms of Fuel Consumption [56]. | Cellular network | Cargo truck fleets | Yes | Not specified | Not specified | No |
Fleet Management Cooperative Systems for Commercial Vehicles [57]. | Cellular network | Cargo truck fleets | Yes | Not specified | Not specified | No |
Smart fleet monitoring system using Internet of Things (IoT) [58]. | Cellular network (GSM) | Truck fleets | No | Real | Not specified | No |
Intelligent transportation system based on the principles of service-oriented architecture [59]. | Cellular network (3G & 4G) | Emergency vehicles | No | Real | Large-size city in the Asian context | Yes |
Analysis of handshake time for Bluetooth communications to be implemented in vehicular environments [60]. | Bluetooth | General traffic | No | Real | Not specified | No |
Field testing of Bluetooth and ZigBee technologies for vehicle-to-infrastructure applications [61]. | Bluetooth and ZigBee | General traffic | No | Not specified | Not specified | No |
The Application of ZigBee Technology to the Intelligent Bus Query System [62]. | ZigBee | School transportation | No | Real | Not specified | No |
A novel approach of using security-enabled ZigBee in vehicular communication [63]. | ZigBee Area Network | General traffic | Yes | Simulation | Not specified | Yes |
i-Car System: A LoRa-based Low-Power Wide-Area Networks Vehicle Diagnostic System for Driving Safety [64]. | LoRa | General traffic | No | Simulation | Not specified | No |
Traffic Light Mobility Management Prototype for Ambulances, Under the Smart City Concept [65]. | LoRa | Ambulance system | No | Real | Medium-sized city for Latin American context | No |
Requirement | Related to | Proposal | Observation |
---|---|---|---|
Location technology of transit vehicles must allow continuous and efficient monitoring. | Transit vehicle location | Use of GNSS for location. | Although there are some alternative location technologies, these would not allow continuous vehicle tracking. |
FMCS must allow speed control of the transit vehicle | Transit vehicle speed | Use of GNSS to measure speed, use of speed alerts and detection of inappropriate driving behaviors | Through speed alerts, the risks of accidents can be reduced. By detecting inappropriate driving behaviors, steps can be taken to reduce fuel consumption. |
FMCS must allow interoperability and integration (with other systems or services) in the context where it is implemented. | ITS framework | Use of adequate ITS architecture for FMCS in the specific context. | An appropriate ITS architecture should be proposed, reviewing relevant references, and considering the context. |
FMCS must use an adequate communication technology for the application context | Communication technology | Use of LoRa technology (using the network protocol LoRaWAN) | LoRa offers some notable advantages over other technologies for the specific service. LoRaWAN protocol can be a viable option that improves communication security and efficiency. |
The exchange of data between the FMCS modules must be secure. | Information security | Secure information exchange (through a network protocol such as LoRaWAN, HTTPS, TCP). Access to the data with SHA passwords and user hierarchy. | LoRaWAN protocol will be of great help by providing the possibility of encoding messages and validation of devices in vehicles. Regarding the information that circulates through the software network, the TCP and HTTPS protocols will guarantee the secure exchange of information. Finally, each user will be given a password to access the system and a user hierarchy will be implemented. |
Exchanged data between the vehicles and the control modules must allow permanent updating of the information in both directions, to provide a better service. | Exchanged data between modules | Transit vehicles send their location, arrival at assigned stops, and the number of passengers. The vehicles receive the assigned route, the changes in this route, alerts, and assigned schedule. | An FMCS is more than a tracking service. All required information regarding schedules, routes, changes, and alerts should be considered. |
Flow | Name | Description |
---|---|---|
A | Location data + Vehicle information + Public vehicle schedule performance | Measured parameters in vehicles. |
B | Location data + Vehicle information + Public vehicle schedule performance | The same information collected by the OBE is verified and passed to the Transit Center Data Management. |
C | Public schedule info + Public operator info + Route + Alerts + Addressee | Assignment information to Transit Vehicle Support, this includes to identify the recipient. |
D | Public schedule info + Public operator info + Route + Alerts | Information on schedules and routes assigned to the corresponding vehicle that requests it. |
F | Public vehicle operator display | Information on the vehicle operator’s work parameters, such as the assigned route number, schedules for that route, and alerts. |
G | Public vehicle operator control | Manual interaction to operate the OBE device. |
H | Public vehicle operator input | Data the vehicle operator sends to the system. |
I | Route assignment + Vehicle assignment + Change alerts | Detailed information on the vehicle operator’s work parameters, also includes detailed alerts on work parameter changes. |
J | System information | Information generated each time the administrator has made a request to the system. |
K | System administrator input | Access parameters of the system administrator and information request. |
L | Public operation status + Traffic alerts + Suggestions | Information related to traffic alerts generated and suggestions for changes in routes and schedules. |
M | System Operator input | Input or access data for the system operator. |
N | Enterprise administrator input | Access parameters and requests information for the company administrator. |
O | Enterprise information + change request | Responses to requests made by the company administrator. |
P | Public vehicle data (speed and location) + Public vehicle conditions + Service demand quantity | Information related to different parameters measured and processed of the vehicles. |
Q | Traffic images + Road conditions + Incidents | Predefined messages sent by “Traffic Management Center” to detect different traffic conditions. |
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Rojas, B.; Bolaños, C.; Salazar-Cabrera, R.; Ramírez-González, G.; Pachón de la Cruz, Á.; Madrid Molina, J.M. Fleet Management and Control System for Medium-Sized Cities Based in Intelligent Transportation Systems: From Review to Proposal in a City. Electronics 2020, 9, 1383. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics9091383
Rojas B, Bolaños C, Salazar-Cabrera R, Ramírez-González G, Pachón de la Cruz Á, Madrid Molina JM. Fleet Management and Control System for Medium-Sized Cities Based in Intelligent Transportation Systems: From Review to Proposal in a City. Electronics. 2020; 9(9):1383. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics9091383
Chicago/Turabian StyleRojas, Beimar, Cristhian Bolaños, Ricardo Salazar-Cabrera, Gustavo Ramírez-González, Álvaro Pachón de la Cruz, and Juan Manuel Madrid Molina. 2020. "Fleet Management and Control System for Medium-Sized Cities Based in Intelligent Transportation Systems: From Review to Proposal in a City" Electronics 9, no. 9: 1383. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics9091383