The Distribution and Identity of Edaphic Fungi in the McMurdo Dry Valleys
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental
2.1. Sample Collection
Valley | Coordinates | Elevation | Sampling Date |
---|---|---|---|
Miers Valley | 78°05.486'S, 163°48.539'E | 171 m | December 2006 |
Beacon Valley | 77°52.321'S, 160°29.725'E | 1376 m | December 2006 |
Upper Wright Valley | 77°31.122'S, 160°45.813'E | 947 m | January 2008 |
Battleship Promontory | 76°54.694'S, 160°55.676'E | 1028 m | January 2008 |
Alatna Valley | 76°54.816'S, 161°02.213'E | 1057 m | November 2010 |
University Valley | 77°51.668'S, 160°42.736'E | 1680 m | November 2010 |
2.2. Soil Chemistry
2.3. DNA Extraction
2.4. Terminal Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis
2.5. 454 Pyrosequencing
2.6. Data Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Soil Geochemistry
3.2. Community Fingerprinting with tRFLP
Valley | Average Concentration ± S.D. |
---|---|
Miers Valley | 48.60 ± 27.79 ng/µL |
Beacon Valley | 0.48 ± 0.55 ng/µL |
Battleship Promontory | 20.87 ± 5.61 ng/µL |
Upper Wright Valley | 3.68 ± 7.57 ng/µL |
Alatna Valley | 15.84 ± 13.49 ng/µL |
University Valley | 0.05 ± 0.09 ng/µL |
Valley | Total PF | Average PF ± S.D. |
---|---|---|
Miers Valley | 5 | 1.0 ± 1.2 |
Beacon Valley | 2 | 0.4 * |
Battleship Valley | 13 | 2.6 ± 1.5 |
Wright Valley | 2 | 0.4 * |
Alatna Valley | 11 | 2.2 ± 3.2 |
University Valley | 0 | 0 |
3.3. 454 Pyrosequencing
Read Count | Best Match in GenBank nr Database | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OTU # | AV_N | BP_D | MV_A | Total | GenBank ID | Identity (%) | Phylum | Organism |
3 | 1852 | 407 | 1 | 2283 | AB032673 | 99 | Basidiomycota | Cryptococcus consortionis |
4 | 841 | 728 | 191 | 1760 | EF432821 | 93 | Chytridiomycota | Lobulomycetales sp. AF017 |
6 | 1058 | 122 | 369 | 1542 | EF060799 | 99 | Ascomycota | Herpotrichiellaceae sp. LM500 |
7 | 505 | 68 | 233 | 806 | JF747078 | 99 | Ascomycota | Exophiala equina |
10 | 129 | 351 | 61 | 541 | EU480339 | 93 | Unknown | Uncultured clone |
11 | 0 | 0 | 372 | 372 | GQ250013 | 92 | Ascomycota | Cordyceps sp. BCC22921 |
14 | 246 | 0 | 0 | 246 | EF535204 | 90 | Ascomycota | Candelaria crawfordii strain CHN265 |
16 | 179 | 0 | 0 | 179 | FJ827708 | 90 | Chytridiomycota | Powellomyces sp. PL 142 |
20 | 0 | 109 | 0 | 109 | EU352772 | 93 | Chytridiomycota | Chytridiales sp. JEL178 |
22 | 0 | 0 | 109 | 109 | DQ457086 | 85 | Unknown | Uncultured clone |
24 | 0 | 83 | 0 | 83 | AM901700 | 97 | Ascomycota | Ascomycete sp. BF104 |
25 | 0 | 0 | 81 | 81 | FJ827708 | 94 | Chytridiomycota | Powellomyces sp. PL 142 |
26 | 80 | 0 | 0 | 80 | GU184116 | 96 | Ascomycota | Acarospora rosulata isolate ACABUL_USA2 |
28 | 36 | 30 | 0 | 66 | KC222134 | 83 | Ascomycota | Trichoglossum octopartitum |
29 | 0 | 0 | 61 | 61 | EF585664 | 83 | Chytridiomycota | Betamyces americaemeridionalis |
35 | 0 | 0 | 54 | 54 | EU352770 | 92 | Chytridiomycota | Lobulomyces poculatus |
39 | 0 | 47 | 0 | 47 | AF106527 | 91 | Ascomycota | Arthrobotrys arcuata strain CBS 174.89 |
40 | 8 | 33 | 1 | 42 | DQ494379 | 94 | Ascomycota | Vermispora fusarina |
41 | 12 | 27 | 3 | 42 | JX171180 | 94 | Basidiomycota | Meira sp. ANTCW08-165 |
45 | 34 | 1 | 5 | 40 | FJ827741 | 96 | Chytridiomycota | Gaertneriomyces sp. JEL 550 |
48 | 29 | 1 | 0 | 30 | HQ634632 | 97 | Ascomycota | Chaetothyriales sp. M-Cre1-2 |
49 | 29 | 0 | 0 | 29 | JX124723 | 98 | Ascomycota | Taphrina sp. CCFEE 5198 |
51 | 0 | 0 | 28 | 28 | JX036093 | 93 | Ascomycota | Polysporina frigida |
54 | 0 | 10 | 17 | 27 | EU352770 | 92 | Chytridiomycota | Lobulomyces poculatus |
56 | 0 | 0 | 25 | 25 | JF809853 | 99 | Chytridiomycota | Betamyces sp. PL 173 |
59 | 0 | 0 | 23 | 23 | AY373015 | 91 | Unknown | Olpidium brassicae |
60 | 0 | 22 | 0 | 22 | JQ936330 | 99 | Unknown | Phaeosphaeriopsis sp. CBP21E |
61 | 0 | 0 | 22 | 22 | JX219783 | 91 | Ascomycota | Cortinarius callisteus |
62 | 0 | 0 | 22 | 22 | JN416510 | 89 | Basidiomycota | Basidiobolus sp. BCU1 |
64 | 1 | 19 | 1 | 21 | JX173100 | 99 | Ascomycota | Cladosporium sp. AF13 |
67 | 18 | 0 | 0 | 18 | AY781244 | 89 | Unknown | Ascomycete sp. olrim401 |
68 | 0 | 18 | 0 | 18 | AY394892 | 94 | Ascomycota | Mycorrhizal sp. pkc11 |
72 | 0 | 0 | 17 | 17 | EF634250 | 80 | Chytridiomycota | Coralloidiomyces digitatus |
78 | 0 | 15 | 0 | 15 | EU480016 | 90 | Unknown | Uncultured clone |
101 | 0 | 0 | 11 | 11 | JN882333 | 94 | Chytridiomycota | Monoblepharis hypogyna |
102 | 0 | 0 | 11 | 11 | DQ485612 | 93 | Chytridiomycota | Rhizophydium carpophilum |
105 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 10 | JQ711836 | 99 | Basidiomycota | Russula nigricans |
3.4. Biogeography and Local Adaptation
3.5. Environmental Drivers of Fungal Distribution
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Files
Supplementary File 1Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflict of Interest
References
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Dreesens, L.L.; Lee, C.K.; Cary, S.C. The Distribution and Identity of Edaphic Fungi in the McMurdo Dry Valleys. Biology 2014, 3, 466-483. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology3030466
Dreesens LL, Lee CK, Cary SC. The Distribution and Identity of Edaphic Fungi in the McMurdo Dry Valleys. Biology. 2014; 3(3):466-483. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology3030466
Chicago/Turabian StyleDreesens, Lisa L., Charles K. Lee, and S. Craig Cary. 2014. "The Distribution and Identity of Edaphic Fungi in the McMurdo Dry Valleys" Biology 3, no. 3: 466-483. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology3030466