Nanotechnology in Cement-Based Materials: A Review of Durability, Modeling, and Advanced Characterization
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Dispersion of Nanomaterials in CBMS
3. Nanotechnology for CBMS to Overcome Physical Deteriorations
3.1. Shrinkage
3.2. Freeze–Thaw Damage
3.3. Abrasion/Erosion
4. Nanotechnology for CBMS to Overcome Chemical Deteriorations
4.1. Alkali-Aggregate Reactions
4.2. Sulfate Attack
4.3. Acid Attack
4.4. Thermal Degradation
5. Nanotechnology in Reinforced Concrete
5.1. Nanomaterials Addition
5.2. Nanomaterials Coating
6. Nanoscale Modeling in CBMS
7. Characterization of CBMS at Nanoscale
7.1. Mechanical Characterization
7.2. C–S–H Structure Characterization
7.3. Imaging Characterization
7.4. Pore Structure Characterization
8. Concluding Remarks
- Dispersion of nanomaterials in CBMS plays an important role in ensuring the effectiveness of nanomaterials to mitigate the deteriorations of cement composites. Common applied approaches to disperse nanomaterials include the use of surfactant, application of ultrasonication, and functionalization of nanomaterials.
- Physical deteriorations of CBMS including shrinkage, freeze–thaw damage, and abrasion can be reduced by the admixed nanomaterials, resulting from a denser and less permeable mixture.
- Adding the optimal type and dosage of nanomaterials is an effective approach to improve the resistance of CBMS to chemical deteriorations, such as sulfate attack, acid attack, alkali-aggregate reactions, and thermal degradation.
- Admixing nanomaterials in fresh concrete, electrically injecting nanomaterials into aged concrete, and coating the rebar with nanomodified epoxy coating are among practical and effective approaches to improve the resistance of reinforced concrete against rebar corrosion.
- Modeling of the interactions between C–S–H gel and the admixed nanomaterials can facilitate a mechanistic understanding of the relationship between the nanostructure and the properties of CBMS.
- Nanoindentation is a powerful technique used to characterize the nanoscale mechanical properties of cement composite, while MIP is usually suitable for characterization of the pore structure. The most adopted techniques for the nanoscale imaging and C–S–H structure characterizations of CBMS are AFM, TEM, and HIM, and NMR, SANS, and QENS, respectively.
- A gap exists between the academic research at the laboratory scale and the realistic engineering applications. It is important to adapt the nanotechnology to meet the requirements and constraints of the traditional practices generally adopted by the construction industry [2].
- The cost-effectiveness of nanomaterials must be evaluated before their use in CBMS, and this should be done from a life-cycle perspective. Despite the seemingly high initial cost of most nanomaterials, nanomaterials can greatly improve the durability and service life of CBMS, resulting in much lower costs during the use phase of CBMS (e.g., those for monitoring, maintenance, and repair). Nanotechnology will likely result in a competitive life-cycle cost for many constructions using CBMS.
- Although nanotechnology exhibits the potential for great innovations in the construction industry, potential health risks should be assessed and addressed for practitioners to ensure appropriate use of nanomaterials by the industry.
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Du, S.; Wu, J.; AlShareedah, O.; Shi, X. Nanotechnology in Cement-Based Materials: A Review of Durability, Modeling, and Advanced Characterization. Nanomaterials 2019, 9, 1213. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9091213
Du S, Wu J, AlShareedah O, Shi X. Nanotechnology in Cement-Based Materials: A Review of Durability, Modeling, and Advanced Characterization. Nanomaterials. 2019; 9(9):1213. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9091213
Chicago/Turabian StyleDu, Sen, Junliang Wu, Othman AlShareedah, and Xianming Shi. 2019. "Nanotechnology in Cement-Based Materials: A Review of Durability, Modeling, and Advanced Characterization" Nanomaterials 9, no. 9: 1213. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9091213