Supported Bimetallic AuPd Nanoparticles as a Catalyst for the Selective Hydrogenation of Nitroarenes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental
2.1. Catalyst Preparation
2.2. Catalytic Testing
3. Results and Discussion
4. Conclusions
- (1)
- Through systematic catalyst screening, 1% AuPd/TiO2 catalyst prepared by modified impregnation method is the most active and stable catalyst for the solvent-free hydrogenation of nitrobenzene to aniline. After a 15 h reaction, a 99% yield of aniline was obtained at 90 °C. The activation energy of nitrobenzene reduction to aniline was calculated to be 37 kJ mol−1.
- (2)
- The 1% AuPd/TiO2 (MIm) catalyst also showed a good selectivity for the chemoselective hydrogenation of 4-chloronitrobenzene to 4-chloroaniline. Using the kinetic studies, we found that the activation energy of CNB transformation to CAN was calculated to be 25 kJ mol−1, which was lower than that of CNB to AN (31 kJ mol−1). Thus, by decreasing the reaction temperature from 60 °C to 25 °C, a 92% yield of CAN was achieved.
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Catalysts | Reaction Temperature (°C) | Nitrobenzene (NB) Conversion (%) | AN Selectivity (%) |
---|---|---|---|
1% AuPd/TiO2 (MIm) | 30 | 1 | >99 |
60 | 11 | 97 | |
90 | 24 | 98 |
Entry | Catalysts | Conversion (%) | Selectivity (%) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aniline | Azobenzene | Azoxybenzene | |||
1 | AuPd/TiO2 (MIm) | 54 | 98 | 0.5 | 0.9 |
2 | Au/TiO2 (MIm) | 3 | 98 | 0 | 0 |
3 | Pd/TiO2 (MIm) | 41 | 97 | 0.2 | 0 |
4 | AuPd/MgO (MIm) | 36 | 94 | 0 | 0.5 |
5 | AuPd/C (MIm) | 14 | 76 | 0 | 0 |
6 | AuPd/TiO2 (CIm) | 39 | 99 | 0.4 | 0.3 |
7 | AuPd/TiO2 (SIm) | 38 | 99 | 0 | 0 |
Entry | Catalysts | Reaction Time (h) | Conversion (%) | Selectivity (%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
CAN | AN | ||||
1 | AuPd/TiO2 (CIm) | 1 | 96 | 83 | 17 |
2 | AuPd/TiO2 (SIm) | 1 | 100 | 70 | 30 |
3 | AuPd/TiO2 (MIm) | 1.5 | 100 | 85 | 15 |
4 | AuPd/TiO2 (MIm) b | 8 | 100 | 92 | 8 |
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Qu, R.; Macino, M.; Iqbal, S.; Gao, X.; He, Q.; Hutchings, G.J.; Sankar, M. Supported Bimetallic AuPd Nanoparticles as a Catalyst for the Selective Hydrogenation of Nitroarenes. Nanomaterials 2018, 8, 690. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano8090690
Qu R, Macino M, Iqbal S, Gao X, He Q, Hutchings GJ, Sankar M. Supported Bimetallic AuPd Nanoparticles as a Catalyst for the Selective Hydrogenation of Nitroarenes. Nanomaterials. 2018; 8(9):690. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano8090690
Chicago/Turabian StyleQu, Ruiyang, Margherita Macino, Sarwat Iqbal, Xiang Gao, Qian He, Graham John Hutchings, and Meenakshisundaram Sankar. 2018. "Supported Bimetallic AuPd Nanoparticles as a Catalyst for the Selective Hydrogenation of Nitroarenes" Nanomaterials 8, no. 9: 690. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano8090690