Markers of Oxidative Stress in the Exhaled Breath Condensate of Workers Handling Nanocomposites
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Facility and Operations Description
2.2. Subjects
2.3. Workplace Aerosol Measurements
2.4. Collection and Analysis of Oxidative Stress Markers in EBC
2.5. Environmental Contamination
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Subjects
3.2. Workplace Aerosol Results
3.2.1. Number Size Distributions
Metal Active Gas (MAG) Welding
Smelting
Nanocomposite Machining
Background
3.2.2. Mass Size Distributions
3.2.3. Size-Resolved Elemental Composition
3.3. Oxidative Stress Markers in EBC
3.3.1. Markers of Oxidation of Lipids
3.3.2. Markers of Oxidation of Nucleic Acids and Proteins
3.3.3. Correlations of Markers with Exposure and Symptoms
3.3.4. Correlations of the Levels of Markers in the Pre-Shift and Post-Shift Samples
3.3.5. Association of EBC Markers with Occupational Exposure
3.4. Environmental Contamination
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Subjects | Exposed | Controls |
---|---|---|
Number of Subjects | 19 | 19 |
Age (years) | 42.4 ± 11.4 | 45.4 ± 11.7 |
Body Mass Index (kg/m2) | 27.69 ± 6.30 | 24.39 ± 4.04 |
Alcohol occasionally (n, %) | 17 (90%) | 16 (84%) |
Employment in nanocomposite production (years) | Mean 18.0 ± 10.3 | - |
Operation | N (Number of SMPS/APS Samples) | TNC (particles/cm3), Median | TNC, Maximum | Size Distribution (Main Mode) | % of Particles <100 nm | Ratio Operation/Background | Mass Concentration (mg/m3) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Smelting | 32 | 4.8 × 104 | 2.0 × 105 | <25 nm | 95 | 2.3 | 0.120 |
Machining | 39 | 5.4 × 105 | 8.2 × 105 | 100 nm | 61 | 1.9 | 0.804 |
Welding | 28 | 1.3 × 105 | 2.5 × 105 | 200 nm | 40 | 6.2 | 1.840 |
Background smelting/welding | 5 | 2.1 × 104 | 2.5 × 104 | <10 nm | 97 | 1 | not measured |
Background machining | 5 | 2.8 × 105 | 3.4 × 105 | 130 nm | 41 | 1 | not measured |
Percentage from Total <10 µm | <25–100 nm | 100 nm–10 µm | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
<25 nm | 25–100 nm | 100 nm–1 µm | 1–2.5 µm | 2.5–10 µm | Total <1 µm | 1–10 µm | ||
Basement | Metal Active Gas (MAG) Welding | 3.35 | 36.78 | 59.85 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 99.97 | 0.03 |
Smelting | 69.64 | 25.00 | 5.36 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 99.99 | 0.01 | |
Background—15 min before welding | 74.37 | 22.39 | 3.23 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 99.99 | 0.01 | |
Ground floor | Machining (Milling & Grinding) | 2.61 | 58.62 | 38.76 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 99.99 | 0.01 |
Background—15 min before machining | 0.27 | 40.62 | 59.10 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 99.99 | 0.01 | |
Background-night—15 h | 4.24 | 66.40 | 29.32 | 0.04 | 0.00 | 99.96 | 0.04 |
Operation | Mass Concentration (µg/m3) | Diagnostic Ratios | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fe | Mn | Ti | Ca | Si | Mg | Mn/Fe | Si/Fe | |
Welding | 703 | 114 | 0 | 0 | 59 | 0 | 0.16 | 0.08 |
Smelting | 19 | 3.00 | 0 | 0.04 | 1.70 | 0.01 | 0.16 | 0.09 |
Machining | 3.60 | 0.55 | 0.03 | 0.42 | 2.20 | 0.17 | 0.16 | 0.63 |
Pre-Shift Marker, Correlation Coefficient (p Value) | Post-Shift Marker, Correlation Coefficient (p Value) | |
---|---|---|
Employment in nanocomposite production (years) | 5-OHMeU, 0.477 (0.039) o-Tyr, 0.488 (0.034) | - o-Tyr, 0.511 (0.025) |
Chronic bronchitis | - | 3-NOTyr, 0.496 (0.031) |
Pre-Shift Markers | MDA | C6–C13 | 8-isoprostane | 8-OHdG | 8-OHG | 5-OHMeU | o-Tyr | 3-ClTyr | 3-NOTyr |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nanocomposites production (Yes/No) | 4.71 * (1.19, 8.23) | 7.06 *** (3.58, 10.54) | 8.02 * (1.36, 14.69) | 8.61 ** (3.26, 13.97) | 17.66 *** (9.97, 23.35) | 7.46 ** (2.82, 12.09) | 10.12 ** (3.64, 16.59) | 11.31 *** (5.00, 17.61) | 6.74 * (0.36, 13.12) |
Age (years) | −0.23 ** (−0.40, −0.70) | 0.53 (−0.11, 0.22) | 0.03 (−2.29, 0.34) | 0.10 (−0.15, 0.35) | 0.11 (−0.25, 0.47) | 0.18 (−0.04, 0.39) | 0.17 (−0.13, 0.47) | 0.34 * (0.44, 0.63) | −0.02 (−0.31, 0.28) |
Gender (Male/Female) | 0.73 (−3.56, 5.01) | −0.84 (−5.07, 3.40) | 0.10 (−8.01, 8.21) | 4.00 (−2.51, 10.52) | 1.96 (−7.40, 11.31) | 2.38 (−3.27, 8.02) | 5.61 (−2.26, 13.49) | 3.92 (−3.76, 11.60) | 4.34 (−3.42, 12.10) |
Alcohol (Yes/No) | −1.53 (−7.18, 4.11) | 2.61 (−2.97, 8.18) | 3.79 (−6.89, 14.47) | 3.73 (−4.85, 12.31) | 3.50 (−8.83, 15.82) | 4.59 (−2.84, 12.03) | 4.63 (−5.74, 15.00) | 2.72 (−7.39, 12.83) | 2.73 (−7.49, 12.94) |
BMI (kg/m2) | −0.83 (−0.45, 0.28) | −0.38 * (−0.74, −0.20) | −0.28 (−0.97, 0.40) | −0.25 (−0.80, 0.31) | −0.18 (−0.97, 0.62) | 0.26 (−0.45, 0.51) | −0.07 (−0.74, 0.60) | −0.37 (−1.02, 0.28) | −0.30 (−0.96, 0.36) |
Post-Shift Markers | MDA | HNE | C6–C13 | 8-isoprostane | 8-OHdG | 8-OHG | 5-OHMeU | o-Tyr | 3-ClTyr |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nanocomposites production (Yes/No) | 8.71 ** (4.33, 14.00) | 8.48 ** (2.20, 14.75) | 8.27 *** (4.47, 12.08) | 9.37 ** (2.44, 16.31) | 8.23 ** (3.00, 13.47) | 17.78 *** (10.12, 25.43) | 5.74 ** (1.21, 10.27) | 10.27 ** (3.88, 16.65) | 11.09 *** (4.88, 17.31) |
Age (years) | −0.20 (−0.45, 0.49) | 0.18 (−0.28, 0.31) | 0.05 (−0.13, 0.23) | 0.05 (−0.28, 0.37) | −0.05 (−0.29, 0.20) | 0.11 (−0.25, 0.47) | −0.03 (−0.24, 0.19) | 0.17 (−0.13, 0.47) | 0.33 * (0.04, 0.62) |
Gender (Male/Female) | 2.33 (−4.10, 8.76) | 6.06 (−1.58, 13.70) | −0.66 (−5.29, 4.00) | 0.18 (−8.26, 8.62) | 2.09 (−4.28, 8.45) | 1.70 (−7.62, 11.01) | 1.55 (−3.96, 7.06) | 5.52 (−2.25, 13.29) | 3.73 (−3.84, 11.29) |
Alcohol (Yes/No) | −0.88 (−9.34, 7.58) | 2.15 (−7.91, 12,21) | 2.81 (−3.28, 8.90) | 3.10 (−8.01, 14.21) | 1.34 (−7.05, 9.72) | 3.32 (−8.94, 15.59) | 1.79 (−5.47, 9.05) | 4.75 (−5.48, 14.98) | 2.63 (−7.34, 12.59) |
BMI (kg/m2) | 0.06 (−0.49, 0.60) | −0.61 (−1.25, 0.42) | −0.45 * (−0.84, −0.05) | −0.29 (−1.01, 0.43) | −0.09 (−0.63, 0.45) | −0.16 (−0.95, 0.63) | 0.23 (−0.24, 0.70) | −0.93 (−0.75, 0.57) | 0.36 (−1.01, 0.28) |
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Pelclova, D.; Zdimal, V.; Schwarz, J.; Dvorackova, S.; Komarc, M.; Ondracek, J.; Kostejn, M.; Kacer, P.; Vlckova, S.; Fenclova, Z.; et al. Markers of Oxidative Stress in the Exhaled Breath Condensate of Workers Handling Nanocomposites. Nanomaterials 2018, 8, 611. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano8080611
Pelclova D, Zdimal V, Schwarz J, Dvorackova S, Komarc M, Ondracek J, Kostejn M, Kacer P, Vlckova S, Fenclova Z, et al. Markers of Oxidative Stress in the Exhaled Breath Condensate of Workers Handling Nanocomposites. Nanomaterials. 2018; 8(8):611. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano8080611
Chicago/Turabian StylePelclova, Daniela, Vladimir Zdimal, Jaroslav Schwarz, Stepanka Dvorackova, Martin Komarc, Jakub Ondracek, Martin Kostejn, Petr Kacer, Stepanka Vlckova, Zdenka Fenclova, and et al. 2018. "Markers of Oxidative Stress in the Exhaled Breath Condensate of Workers Handling Nanocomposites" Nanomaterials 8, no. 8: 611. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano8080611