Paths to Attaining Food Security: The Case of Cameroon
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- After independence, most countries in sub-Saharan Africa opted for development with a touch of socialism – described in some cases as “statism” [21,22,23]. The ruling parties and nature of socio-economic reforms reflected this. Some examples include Julius Nyerere in Tanzania, Kwame Nkrumah in Ghana, and Ahmadou Ahidjo in Cameroon. In Cameroon, the government’s development strategy was organized into five-year development plans (reminiscent of the Stalinist development plans in the Soviet Union). While other sectors of development came under strong state control, agriculture was largely taken from colonial control and handed to individuals with little governmental support and intervention [24]. Government support and intervention only started after the first two five-year development plans when it became clear that the agricultural sector had been performing very poorly. Hence, while Cameroon pursued a strong, centralized and planned economy in the 1960s, agriculture did not “benefit” from such centralized state control and planning.
- OECD countries are primarily countries with free market economies. However, these countries have for a very long time been providing subsidies to their farmers in different forms. These subsidies have been instrumental in determining key characteristics of agriculture in these countries. This has been the case with the Farm Bill in the United States since the Dust Storms of the 1920s [25,26]. The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) in European countries is blamed for high agricultural production costs, wastefulness and environmental destruction [27]. I can be argued that state support to agriculture in the OECD is not compatible with free market principles. Hence the agricultural sector in the OECD countries is not necessarily operating on the free market principles which characterize the general economic development paradigm of the OECD.
2. Major Components of the Food System and Their Categorization
Component | Purpose | Simplified |
---|---|---|
Tools | Improves the productivity of land and the efficiency of labor, thereby permitting the growth of agricultural output [28]. | Agricultural technology |
Techniques | Improves the productivity of land. Optimizes the use of factors of production, thereby providing an opportunity for increasing resource use efficiency and attaining sustainability [29]. Determine the type of agricultural production system – enables transformation of agriculture to more intensive systems [30]. | |
Capital | Funds the acquisition of factors of agricultural production. Permits the transformation of agriculture to more intensive forms [29,31]. | |
Formal institutions | Provide an enabling framework for agricultural production by defining rules and laws governing the production environment and overseeing their enforcement [32]. Create or recognize tenurial systems which affect the ecological resilience and sustainability of agriculture [33]. | Agricultural institutions |
Informal institutions | Define and allocate individual and group rights to particular community resources vital for agricultural production at local level [34], for example, water, cultivation land, pasture land, forests, etc. | |
Agricultural workers | Provides labor for agricultural production [17]. Are innovators of tools, techniques, and other anthropogenic resources of food production [25,35]. | People as labor, decision makers and consumers |
Consumers | Renders agriculture economically viable [25]. Their consumption of agricultural produce provides profits that can be used to improve the quality and quantity of tools, techniques, capital, and governance [35,30]. | |
Decision-makers | Design and implement policy regarding the combination of factors of agricultural production, food crop production types, agricultural production systems, etc. [27,32]. | |
Land | Provides the basis for all primary agricultural occupations – crop production, animal husbandry, fisheries, poultry, and forestry. Provides space for agricultural production [36]. Derived through conversion from other uses, deforestation, reclamation, etc. | Natural resources |
Natural resources | Provides the physical resources required for food production such as water, nutrients, climate, biodiversity [37,38]. |
2.1. Agricultural Technology
2.2. Agricultural Institutions
2.3. People as Labor, Decision-Makers and Consumers
2.4. Natural Resources
3. Optional Paths to Agricultural Development
3.1. Local Food Orientation
3.2. High Resource-Technology Driven Orientation
3.3. Guided Technology-Driven Growth Orientation
3.4. Right-to-Food Growth Orientation
4. Agricultural Growth Orientations and Issues of Sustainability
5. Ideal Growth Orientations for Attaining Sustainable Agricultural Growth in Cameroon
5.1. Cameroon’s Agricultural Evolution 1894–Present
- a)
- Colonial period agricultural policies under the Germans (1894–1916), French (1916–1960) and British (1916–1961) focused on the development of large European-owned plantations with a strong emphasis on the production of export crops. In later years, a dualism between European-owned plantations and small-scale peasant production units will be encouraged to boost the scale of production.
- b)
- After independence in the early 1960s, agricultural growth was seen as a development tool and the peasantry was given more production autonomy. Government intervention and support through research, extension and the provision of inputs was very limited. The result was dismal: a poorly-trained and guided peasantry where production increases were a result of increase in area under cultivation and not increases in yield per unit area cultivated.
- c)
- In the 1970s, the government was spurred by the poor performance of the peasant-controlled agricultural sector and the movement of most nations towards greater intervention in agriculture to revise its relationship with the agricultural sector. It increased its intervention in decision-making, expenditure in agricultural research, extension and input subsidization among many other things. Government efforts were supported by donor financing and the leap in agricultural output reflected the effort.
- d)
- In the 1980s, it became clear that government intervention was plagued by misallocation of resources at different levels, over-centralization of decision-making, bureaucracy, and other ills which begged for a reform of the sector. The Structural Adjustment Programmes of the World Bank were put into effect to reform the sector. The aims, implementation and outcome of these reforms have benefited from investigations at different levels, both in the case of Cameroon [24,42] and for other parts of the developing world [50,56].
- a)
- b)
- c)
- d)
- e)
5.2. Objectives for Attaining Sustainable Agricultural Growth in Cameroon and Ideal Growth Orientations
- a)
- The local food orientation encourages the development of agriculture at local level. This promotes the provision of staple food crops for small-scale farming populations in most developing countries and can therefore be a key for the world’s food security;
- b)
- The local food orientation in Cameroon can incorporate practices such as intercropping and agro-forestry which conserve biodiversity and represent models of agricultural sustainability;
- c)
- The development of local food production systems can serve in conserving agricultural genetic resources. Conserving such agricultural biodiversity is important for the future of sustainable agriculture;
- d)
- Local food production systems can serve the purpose of sequestering atmospheric carbon and release less greenhouse gases than industrial agriculture.
6. Conflicts in Paths to Agricultural Development
7. Conclusion
Acknowledgements
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Yengoh, G.T.; Armah, F.A.; Onumah, E.E. Paths to Attaining Food Security: The Case of Cameroon. Challenges 2010, 1, 5-26. https://doi.org/10.3390/challe1010005
Yengoh GT, Armah FA, Onumah EE. Paths to Attaining Food Security: The Case of Cameroon. Challenges. 2010; 1(1):5-26. https://doi.org/10.3390/challe1010005
Chicago/Turabian StyleYengoh, Genesis T., Frederick Ato Armah, and Edward Ebo Onumah. 2010. "Paths to Attaining Food Security: The Case of Cameroon" Challenges 1, no. 1: 5-26. https://doi.org/10.3390/challe1010005