Development of a Site-Specific Kinetic Model for Chlorine Decay and the Formation of Chlorination By-Products in Seawater
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Chlorination
1.2. Model Development
2. Purposes of This Article
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Materials and Analysis: Water Chemistry
3.2. Chlorine Measurement
3.3. Determination of Decay Rate
3.4. Determination of CBP Formation Rate
3.5. Time Series Data Management and Error Checking
4. Results and Discussion
- (1)
- Chlorine is subject to both a rapid first order decay and a slower first order decay;
- (2)
- The pH, salinity and TOC/DOC content of the Arabian Gulf waters remain nearly constant for all samples: pH (8 ± 0.2), salinity (40–43 ppt) and TOC/DOC (3 ± 0.5 mg/L).
4.1. Chlorine Decay Model
4.2. CBP Formation Model
4.3. Curve Fitting
4.4. Chlorine Decay and CBPs Formation with Different Initial Chlorine Dosing Levels
4.5. Chlorine Decay and CBP Formation at Different Temperatures
4.6. Multivariate Dependencies
4.7. Multivariate Parameter Equation
4.8. Multivariate Regression
Parameter | |||
---|---|---|---|
1.550 × 101 | −2.737 × 10−1 | −1.149 × 100 | |
(h−1) | 5.416 × 10−4 | −5.524 × 10−1 | 2.442 × 100 |
(h−1) | 4.612 × 10−7 | −1.277 × 100 | 3.287 × 100 |
parameter | |||
---|---|---|---|
1.090 × 10−1 | −6.932 × 10−1 | −2.330 × 10−1 | |
2.872 × 10−3 | 1.965 × 10−1 | 8.955 × 10−1 |
4.9. Effect of Water Composition
4.10. Comparison with Previous Study
- Actual intake water was used, resulting in chlorination of water that consisted of NOM representative of the ambient RLIC waters.
- Use of the actual intake water indicated the small variability of pH and salinity. This resulted in exclusion of pH and salinity as control variables.
- In the present study, a range of 19–47 °C was used for temperature and a range of 0.38–5.00 mg/L was used for chlorine dosage. These wider ranges were more representative of actual operations and site-specific ambient conditions, which helps cover all possibilities for the predominant control variables, resulting in improved analysis.
- Each lab run was done so that better temporal resolution was achieved during the early parts of the run with measurements every 15 min for the first hour and every 30 min for the next hour. This higher resolution provided additional data to help with studying the fast reaction after the initial dosing.
- Each lab run was also run for a much longer time during the present study, which assured increased data during the latter part of the run when the slow reaction is dominant. Data during the slow reaction is crucial, as the water dosed with chlorine enters the RLIC water during this period. It is highly important to put more emphasis on the slow reaction phase, as the interaction with NOM in the ambient water and the resulting environmental impacts would occur during this period.
- The increased number of data during the slow reaction phase () provided increased quality of fit during this phase. Due to the longer period, the quality of fit could be evaluated for up to several days, as compared to the previous relationships.
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Saeed, S.; Prakash, S.; Deb, N.; Campbell, R.; Kolluru, V.; Febbo, E.; Dupont, J. Development of a Site-Specific Kinetic Model for Chlorine Decay and the Formation of Chlorination By-Products in Seawater. J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2015, 3, 772-792. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse3030772
Saeed S, Prakash S, Deb N, Campbell R, Kolluru V, Febbo E, Dupont J. Development of a Site-Specific Kinetic Model for Chlorine Decay and the Formation of Chlorination By-Products in Seawater. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2015; 3(3):772-792. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse3030772
Chicago/Turabian StyleSaeed, Suhur, Shwet Prakash, Nandita Deb, Ross Campbell, Venkat Kolluru, Eric Febbo, and Jennifer Dupont. 2015. "Development of a Site-Specific Kinetic Model for Chlorine Decay and the Formation of Chlorination By-Products in Seawater" Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 3, no. 3: 772-792. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse3030772