Invasive Evaluation of the Microvasculature in Acute Myocardial Infarction: Coronary Flow Reserve versus the Index of Microcirculatory Resistance
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
3. The Coronary Microvasculature
3.1. Anatomic and Physiologic Principles
3.2. Pathological Conditions
3.2.1. Coronary Microvascular Disease (CMD)
3.2.2. Microvascular Obstruction (MVO)
3.2.3. Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury and “No-Reflow”
3.2.4. The “Vulnerable” Plaque
3.3. Diagnosis of MVO at the Time of Coronary Angiography
3.3.1. Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) Flow Grading
3.3.2. TIMI Frame Count (CTFC)
3.3.3. Myocardial Blush Grading or TIMI Myocardial Perfusion (TMP) Grading
4. Invasive Physiologic Assessment of the Microcirculation in the Catheterization Lab
4.1. Coronary Flow Reserve (CFR)
Limitations of CFR
4.2. Fractional Flow Reserve (FFR)
FFR vs. CRF: Advantages and Significance of Discordance
4.3. The Index of Microcirculatory Resistance and Instantaneous Wave-Free Ratio (iFR)
Instantaneous Wave-Free Ratio (iFR)
5. Invasive Physiologic Assessment of the Coronary Circulation in STEMI: What is the Evidence?
5.1. Invasive Assessment of the Coronary Microcirculation in Reperfused STEMI: Predicting Microvascular Dysfunction and Prognosis
5.1.1. Flow-Derived Index: CFR
5.1.2. Pressure-Derived Index: IMR
5.2. Utility of Invasive Assessment Tools in Mitigating Microvascular Obstruction
5.3. The Future Implications of Invasive Microcirculatory Assessment in Myocardial Infarction
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Attempt | Search Terms |
---|---|
1 | “fractional flow reserve” |
2 | “coronary flow reserve” |
3 | “index of microcirculatory resistance” |
4 | fractional flow reserve, myocardial infarction[MeSH Terms] |
5 | fractional flow reserve, STEMI[MeSH Terms] |
6 | fractional flow reserve, acute coronary syndrome[MeSH Terms] |
7 | coronary flow reserve, STEMI[MeSH Terms] |
8 | “cardioprotection” |
9 | “no-reflow” |
10 | 1 or 2 or 3 or 8 |
Study | Year | (N) | Population | Follow-Up Period | Outcome |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Neumann et al. [51] | 1997 | 19 | STEMI | 2 weeks | CFR shows improvement as early as 1 h after P-PCI in select patients; which continues within 2 weeks. |
Lepper et al. [52] | 2000 | 25 | STEMI | 1 month | Improvement in myocardial perfusion (as indicated by significant ↑ in CFR at 24 h was predictive of LV functional recovery |
Bax et al. [53] | 2004 | 73 | Anterior STEMI | 6 months | Doppler-derived CFR after P-PCI was predictive of long-term global and regional recovery of LV function |
Takahashi et al. [54] | 2007 | 118 | Anterior STEMI | 62 ± 32 months | Patients with a CFR ≤1.3 were more likely to experience acute heart failure or cardiac death |
Cuculi et al. [8] | 2014 | 44 | STEMI | 6 months | Both CFR at P-PCI and the change in CFR over the first day, correlated with myocardial salvage index |
Wakatsuki et al. [55] | 2000 | 31 | Anterior STEMI | 16 ± 2 days | Coronary flow velocity pattern after P-PCI is predictive of global and regional LV recovery |
van de Hoef et al. [56] | 2013 | 100 | Anterior STEMI | 10 years | N-IRA impaired CFVR measured after P-PCI is associated with increased long-term mortality |
Fearon et al. [57] | 2008 | 28 | STEMI | 3 months | IMR after PPCI predicts left ventricular function and recovery at 3 months |
Lim et al. [58] | 2009 | 40 | Anterior STEMI | 6 months | IMR was reliable in predicting myocardial viability and LV wall motion recovery at 6-month follow-up |
McGeoch et al. [59] | 2010 | 52 | STEMI | 3 months | IMR measured acutely predicted LV function and infarct size at 3 months. IMR was higher in patients with MVO on CMR. |
Yoo et al. [60] | 2012 | 34 | Anterior STEMI | 6 months | A higher IMR is associated with worse functional cardiac improvement—measured by regional wall motion score index and LVEF on echocardiography |
Payne et al. [61] | 2012 | 108 | STEMI | 3 months | IMR after P-PCI predicts myocardial salvage, LVEF at 3 months and infarct characteristics (including IS, MVO and myocardial hemorrhage) |
Fearon et al. [62] | 2013 | 253 | STEMI | 2.8 years | IMR at the time of P-PCI is an independent predictor of death alone and death or rehospitalization related to heart failure. |
Fukunaga et al. [63] | 2014 | 88 | STEMI | 6 months | A bimodal pattern on the thermodilution curve, rather than IMR value, was associated with MVO on CMR and worse mid-term clinical outcome. |
Cuculi et al. [64] | 2014 | 45 | STEMI | 6 months | Using univariate analysis, there is a relationship between IMR and infarct size |
Baek et al. [65] | 2015 | 113 | STEMI | N/A | Age and symptom-onset-to-balloon time were independent determinants of a high IMR. |
Park et al. [66] | 2016 | 89 | STEMI | 3 months | Complimentary IMR and CFR measurements after P-PCI may discriminate myocardial viability and predict long-term risk of MACCE |
Faustino et al. [67] | 2016 | 40 | STEMI | 3 months | IMR appears to be an early marker of cardiac recovery after AMI. Lower IMR was associated with better myocardial GLS acutely |
Ahn et al. [68] | 2016 | 40 | STEMI | 1 week | ↑IMR is an independent predictor of MVO. Combined ↑IMR↓CFRthermo are highly predictive of MVO |
Bulluck et al. [69] * | 2016 | 246 | STEMI | N/A | Weighted mean IMRs of <32 and >41 were discriminatory between the absence or presence of MVO respectively |
Carrick et al. [70] | 2016 | 283 | STEMI | 845 days | An IMR > 40 was associated with predicting changes in LVEF and risk of all-cause mortality and heart failure |
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D. Clarke, J.-R.; Kennedy, R.; Duarte Lau, F.; I. Lancaster, G.; W. Zarich, S. Invasive Evaluation of the Microvasculature in Acute Myocardial Infarction: Coronary Flow Reserve versus the Index of Microcirculatory Resistance. J. Clin. Med. 2020, 9, 86. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9010086
D. Clarke J-R, Kennedy R, Duarte Lau F, I. Lancaster G, W. Zarich S. Invasive Evaluation of the Microvasculature in Acute Myocardial Infarction: Coronary Flow Reserve versus the Index of Microcirculatory Resistance. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2020; 9(1):86. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9010086
Chicago/Turabian StyleD. Clarke, John-Ross, Randol Kennedy, Freddy Duarte Lau, Gilead I. Lancaster, and Stuart W. Zarich. 2020. "Invasive Evaluation of the Microvasculature in Acute Myocardial Infarction: Coronary Flow Reserve versus the Index of Microcirculatory Resistance" Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 1: 86. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9010086