Risk Model Assessment in Early-Onset and Adult-Onset Schizophrenia Using Neurological Soft Signs
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Age at Onset of Schizophrenia
2.3. Measurements
2.3.1. Assessment of Neurological Soft Signs (NSS) and Craniofacial Features
2.3.2. Discriminant Models
2.3.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Data
3.2. Discriminant Models of Nss in Early-Onset, Adult-Onset Schizophrenia and The Nss Performance of the Schizophrenia First-Degree Relatives
3.3. Familial Aggregation of Nss in Early-Onset Schizophrenia and Adult-Onset Schizophrenia Patient Families
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Schizophrenia Patients | Non-psychotic Relatives | Controls | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | EOS (N = 82) | AOS (N = 123) | Total (N = 205) | Relatives of EOS (N = 53) | Relatives of AOS (N = 81) | Total (N = 134) | (N = 243) | |||||||
N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | |
Male | 52 a | 63.40 | 84 | 68.29 | 136 | 66.34 | 26 | 49.12 | 27 | 33.33 | 53 | 39.55 | 102 | 41.98 |
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |
Onset age (yrs.) | 16.96 a | 1.83 | 27.12 | 6.35 | 23.70 | 7.56 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Age (yrs.) | 36.85 | 9.91 | 43.59 | 9.19 | 41.89 | 9.58 | 55.47 | 13.18 | 55.80 | 15.45 | 56.52 | 14.97 | 42.10 | 10.95 |
Weight (kg) | 71.61 | 16.45 | 67.94 | 14.81 | 69.45 | 15.58 | 61.36 | 11.00 | 63.12 | 12.11 | 62.29 | 11.62 | 65.32 | 13.37 |
Height (cm) | 165.49 | 8.31 | 165.14 | 11.76 | 165.10 | 10.32 | 161.16 | 8.04 | 160.28 | 7.88 | 160.16 | 8.03 | 163.41 | 7.93 |
BMI | 26.01 | 4.81 | 24.92 | 4.87 | 25.46 | 4.85 | 23.60 | 3.74 | 25.10 | 4.31 | 24.40 | 3.94 | 24.37 | 4.19 |
Duration of illness (yrs.) | 19.88 | 9.69 | 16.01 | 9.47 | 17.11 | 9.68 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
DIGS-C Positive scale ‡ | 50.65 | 34.95 | 48.58 | 30.78 | 49.41 | 44.62 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
DIGS-C Negative scale ‡ | 61.59 | 29.88 | 58.77 | 29.12 | 59.90 | 42.11 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
EOS (N = 82) | AOS (N = 123) | HC (N = 243) | P-Value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NSS Scores | EOS vs. HC | AOS vs. HC | EOS vs. AOS | |||
NSS total scores | ||||||
Median (range) | 8 (0–32) | 7 (0–31) | 1 (0–8) | |||
Mean (SD) | 9.95 (6.91) | 7.58 (5.44) | 1.43 (1.69) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Sensory integration subscale | ||||||
Median (range) | 1 (0–7) | 0 (0–4) | 0 (0–2) | |||
Mean (SD) | 1.43 (1.71) | 0.59 (0.85) | 0.15 (0.43) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.0001 |
Motor coordination subscale | ||||||
Median (range) | 0 (0–10) | 0 (0–4) | 0 (0–1) | |||
Mean (SD) | 0.93 (1.69) | 0.38 (0.54) | 0.02 (0.13) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.0002 |
Sequencing of complex motor acts subscale | ||||||
Median (range) | 2 (0–7) | 2 (0–7) | 0 (0–4) | |||
Mean (SD) | 2.17 (1.84) | 1.99 (1.69) | 0.43 (0.68) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.15 |
Others subscale | ||||||
Median (range) | 4 (0–13) | 3 (0–11) | 0 (0–4) | |||
Mean (SD) | 4.26 (2.97) | 3.10 (1.87) | 0.43 (0.68) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.001 |
EOS | AOS | Total | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | ANN | DT | LR | ANN | DT | LR | ANN | DT | LR |
NSS subscale | |||||||||
Sensory integration | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | |
Motor coordination | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * |
Sequencing of complex motor acts | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | ||
Other | * | * | * | * | * | ||||
Training Full Data | |||||||||
AUC | 0.88 | 0.87 | 0.85 | 0.84 | 0.85 | 0.82 | 0.87 | 0.86 | 0.84 |
Accuracy | 0.84 | 0.83 | 0.82 | 0.78 | 0.80 | 0.78 | 0.82 | 0.82 | 0.79 |
Sensitivity | 0.80 | 0.77 | 0.80 | 0.73 | 0.83 | 0.79 | 0.74 | 0.85 | 0.79 |
Specificity | 0.87 | 0.87 | 0.86 | 0.85 | 0.81 | 0.78 | 0.88 | 0.83 | 0.80 |
10-fold Cross-Validation | |||||||||
AUC | 0.87 | 0.85 | 0.85 | 0.83 | 0.81 | 0.81 | 0.86 | 0.85 | 0.84 |
Accuracy | 0.84 | 0.82 | 0.81 | 0.78 | 0.80 | 0.76 | 0.82 | 0.81 | 0.76 |
Sensitivity | 0.84 | 0.82 | 0.82 | 0.79 | 0.75 | 0.77 | 0.75 | 0.83 | 0.78 |
Specificity | 0.86 | 0.84 | 0.77 | 0.78 | 0.85 | 0.76 | 0.88 | 0.84 | 0.76 |
Relatives of EOS (N = 53) | Relatives of AOS (N = 81) | HC (N = 243) | P-Value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NSS Scores | REOS vs. HC | RAOS vs. HC | REOS vs. RAOS | |||
NSS total scores | ||||||
Median (range) | 4 (0–18) | 4 (0–19) | 1 (0–8) | |||
Mean (SD) | 4.51 (4.0) | 4.87 (3.8) | 1.43 (1.69) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.452 |
Sensory integration subscale | ||||||
Median (range) | 0 (0–3) | 0 (0–3) | 0 (0–2) | |||
Mean (SD) | 0.34 (0.71) | 0.39 (0.75) | 0.15 (0.43) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.912 |
Motor coordination subscale | ||||||
Median (range) | 0 (0–3) | 0 (0–1) | 0 (0–1) | |||
Mean (SD) | 0.45 (0.90) | 0.41 (0.72) | 0.02 (0.13) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.791 |
Sequencing of complex motor acts subscale | ||||||
Median (range) | 1 (0–8) | 1 (0–4) | 0 (0–4) | |||
Mean (SD) | 1.43 (1.62) | 1.54 (1.57) | 0.43 (0.68) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.882 |
Others subscale | ||||||
Median (range) | 2 (0–7) | 2 (0–8) | 0 (0–4) | |||
Mean (SD) | 2.34 (2.09) | 2.60 (1.98) | 0.43 (0.68) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.479 |
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Chen, B.-Y.; Tsai, I.-N.; Lin, J.-J.; Lu, M.-K.; Tan, H.-P.; Jang, F.-L.; Gan, S.-T.; Lin, S.-H. Risk Model Assessment in Early-Onset and Adult-Onset Schizophrenia Using Neurological Soft Signs. J. Clin. Med. 2019, 8, 1443. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8091443
Chen B-Y, Tsai I-N, Lin J-J, Lu M-K, Tan H-P, Jang F-L, Gan S-T, Lin S-H. Risk Model Assessment in Early-Onset and Adult-Onset Schizophrenia Using Neurological Soft Signs. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2019; 8(9):1443. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8091443
Chicago/Turabian StyleChen, Bao-Yu, I-Ning Tsai, Jin-Jia Lin, Ming-Kun Lu, Hung-Pin Tan, Fong-Lin Jang, Shu-Ting Gan, and Sheng-Hsiang Lin. 2019. "Risk Model Assessment in Early-Onset and Adult-Onset Schizophrenia Using Neurological Soft Signs" Journal of Clinical Medicine 8, no. 9: 1443. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8091443