Independent Association of Physical Activity with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Alanine Aminotransferase Levels
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Participants
2.2. Definition of NAFLD
2.3. Physical Activity Assessment
2.4. Clinical and Biochemical Measurements
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of Participants
3.2. Association between Physical Activity and NAFLD
3.3. Association between Physical Activity and Aminotransferases in NAFLD Participants
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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HEPA Active (n = 8087) | Minimally Active (n = 11,112) | Inactive (n = 13,192) | p for Trend * | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 44.0 ± 0.3 | 44.9 ± 0.2 | 47.0 ± 0.2 | <0.001 |
Male sex (%) | 56.8 (0.7) | 44.5 (0.6) | 41.1 (0.6) | <0.001 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 23.8 ± 0.1 | 23.4 ± 0.0 | 23.6 ± 0.0 | <0.001 |
Central obesity (%) | 21.6 (0.6) | 21.9 (0.5) | 24.4 (0.5) | <0.001 |
Total calorie intake (kcal/day) | 2107.8 ± 15.1 | 1942.5 ± 11.7 | 1903.8 ± 10.4 | <0.001 |
Sleep duration (h/day) | 6.8 ± 0.0 | 6.8 ± 0.0 | 6.9 ± 0.0 | 0.002 |
Smoking (%) | <0.001 | |||
Never | 52.1 (0.7) | 60.2 (0.6) | 60.2 (0.5) | |
Past | 22.3 (0.6) | 19.8 (0.5) | 18.6 (0.5) | |
Current | 25.6 (0.7) | 20.0 (0.5) | 21.3 (0.5) | |
Alcohol (AUDIT score) | 6.4 ± 0.1 | 5.3 ± 0.1 | 5.2 ± 0.1 | <0.001 |
Education (years) | <0.001 | |||
≤6 | 15.1 (0.5) | 17.7 (0.5) | 22.9 (0.5) | |
7–9 | 10.8 (0.4) | 9.0 (0.3) | 10.6 (0.4) | |
10–12 | 44.1 (0.8) | 37.2 (0.7) | 35.2 (0.6) | |
>12 | 30.0 (0.8) | 36.1 (0.7) | 31.3 (0.7) | |
Diabetes mellitus (%) | 7.4 (0.4) | 8.8 (0.4) | 9.6 (0.3) | <0.001 |
Cardiovascular disease (%) | 2.6 (0.2) | 3.5 (0.2) | 3.7 (0.2) | <0.001 |
Hypertension (%) | 24.4 (0.6) | 24.5 (0.5) | 27.0 (0.5) | <0.001 |
Arthritis (%) | 8.9 (0.4) | 10.1 (0.3) | 12.1 (0.4) | <0.001 |
NAFLD (%) | 21.6 (0.6) | 21.7 (0.5) | 23.4 (0.5) | 0.016 |
Lean NAFLD (%) | 2.7 (0.2) | 3.9 (0.2) | 4.1 (0.2) | <0.001 |
ALT (IU/L) | 21.8 ± 0.3 | 21.0 ± 0.2 | 21.8 ± 0.2 | 0.022 |
AST (IU/L) | 22.2 ± 0.2 | 21.1 ± 0.1 | 21.6 ± 0.1 | <0.001 |
No NAFLD (n = 25,423) | NAFLD (n = 6968) | p * | |
---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 45.4 ± 0.2 | 45.9 ± 0.2 | 0.032 |
Male sex (%) | 44.5 (0.4) | 52.9 (0.8) | <0.001 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 22.4 ± 0.0 | 27.7 ± 0.1 | <0.001 |
Central obesity (%) | 11.0 (0.3) | 63.9 (0.8) | <0.001 |
Total calorie intake (kcal/day) | 1961.6 ± 8.2 | 2001.7 ± 16.0 | 0.018 |
Sleep duration (h/day) | 6.9 ± 0.0 | 6.8 ± 0.0 | 0.001 |
Smoking (%) | <0.001 | ||
Non | 59.4 (0.4) | 53.2 (0.8) | |
Ex | 19.9 (0.3) | 20.3 (0.6) | |
Current | 20.7 (0.4) | 26.6 (0.7) | |
Alcohol (AUDIT score) | 5.5 ± 0.0 | 5.7 ± 0.1 | 0.113 |
Education (years) | <0.001 | ||
≤6 | 18.5 (0.4) | 21.2 (0.6) | |
7–9 | 9.9 (0.3) | 11.0 (0.5) | |
10–12 | 38.4 (0.5) | 37.4 (0.8) | |
>12 | 33.3 (0.5) | 30.4 (0.9) | |
Diabetes mellitus (%) | 5.3 (0.2) | 20.7 (0.6) | <0.001 |
Cardiovascular disease (%) | 3.1 (0.1) | 4.1 (0.1) | <0.001 |
Hypertension (%) | 21.7 (0.4) | 38.4 (0.8) | <0.001 |
Arthritis (%) | 9.7 (0.2) | 13.6 (0.5) | <0.001 |
ALT (IU/L) | 17.2 ± 0.1 | 36.5 ± 0.5 | <0.001 |
AST (IU/L) | 20.5 ± 0.1 | 25.5 ± 0.2 | <0.001 |
Physical activity level (%) | 0.016 | ||
HEPA active | 26.5 (0.4) | 25.3 (0.7) | |
Minimally active | 34.5 (0.4) | 33.2 (0.7) | |
Inactive | 39.0 (0.5) | 41.5 (0.8) |
Inactive | Minimally Active | HEPA Active | p for Trend * | |
---|---|---|---|---|
NAFLD (vs. No NAFLD, n = 32,391) | ||||
Model 1 | 1.0 | 0.9 (0.8–0.97) | 0.9 (0.8–0.9) | 0.001 |
Model 2 | 1.0 | 0.9 (0.8–1.03) | 0.7 (0.6–0.7) | <0.001 |
Model 3 | 1.0 | 0.9 (0.8–1.04) | 0.7 (0.6–0.8) | <0.001 |
Model 4 | 1.0 | 0.9 (0.8–1.03) | 0.7 (0.6–0.8) | <0.001 |
Model 5 | 1.0 | 0.9 (0.8–1.02) | 0.7 (0.6–0.8) | <0.001 |
Lean NAFLD (vs. Lean control subjects without NAFLD, n = 22,312) | ||||
Model 1 | 1.0 | 0.9 (0.8–1.1) | 0.6 (0.5–0.7) | <0.001 |
Model 2 | 1.0 | 0.9 (0.7–1.1) | 0.5 (0.4–0.6) | <0.001 |
Model 3 | 1.0 | 0.8 (0.7–0.98) | 0.5 (0.4–0.6) | <0.001 |
Model 4 | 1.0 | 0.8 (0.6–0.97) | 0.5 (0.4–0.7) | <0.001 |
Model 5 | 1.0 | 0.8 (0.6–0.98) | 0.5 (0.4–0.7) | <0.001 |
Inactive | Minimally Active | HEPA Active | p for Trend † | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Abnormal ALT | ||||
Model 1 | 1.0 | 1.0 (0.8–1.1) | 0.8 (0.7–0.9) | 0.013 |
Model 2 | 1.0 | 1.0 (0.8–1.1) | 0.8 (0.7–0.9) | 0.020 |
Model 3 | 1.0 | 1.0 (0.8–1.1) | 0.8 (0.6–0.9) | 0.007 |
Model 4 | 1.0 | 1.0 (0.8–1.2) | 0.8 (0.6–0.9) | 0.007 |
Model 5 | 1.0 | 1.0 (0.8–1.1) | 0.8 (0.6–0.9) | 0.006 |
Abnormal AST | ||||
Model 1 | 1.0 | 0.9 (0.8–1.1) | 0.9 (0.8–1.1) | 0.621 |
Model 2 | 1.0 | 0.9 (0.8–1.1) | 0.9 (0.8–1.1) | 0.652 |
Model 3 | 1.0 | 0.9 (0.8–1.1) | 0.9 (0.7–1.1) | 0.409 |
Model 4 | 1.0 | 0.9 (0.8–1.1) | 0.9 (0.7–1.1) | 0.451 |
Model 5 | 1.0 | 0.9 (0.8–1.1) | 0.9 (0.7–1.1) | 0.427 |
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Jang, D.K.; Lee, J.S.; Lee, J.K.; Kim, Y.H. Independent Association of Physical Activity with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Alanine Aminotransferase Levels. J. Clin. Med. 2019, 8, 1013. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8071013
Jang DK, Lee JS, Lee JK, Kim YH. Independent Association of Physical Activity with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Alanine Aminotransferase Levels. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2019; 8(7):1013. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8071013
Chicago/Turabian StyleJang, Dong Kee, Jung Soo Lee, Jun Kyu Lee, and Yeo Hyung Kim. 2019. "Independent Association of Physical Activity with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Alanine Aminotransferase Levels" Journal of Clinical Medicine 8, no. 7: 1013. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8071013