HBV in Italian Women’s Jail: An Underestimated Problem?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Inclusion Criteria and Variable Definitions
2.2. Analyzed Parameters
2.3. Statistical Analysis
2.4. Ethics Issues
3. Results
3.1. Anti-HBc Reactive Prevalence
3.2. Univariate and Multivariate Analysis about Risk Factors for Anti-HBc + Status (HBV Exposure)
3.3. Serological Prevalence of Anti-HBs Protective Titer
3.4. Univariate and Multivariate Analysis about Risk Factors for Non-Protective Anti-HBs Titer
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Total (156) | Anti-HBc − (125) | Anti-HBc + (31) | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years), Median (IQR) | 41.0 (34.0–48.0) | 41.0 (33.0–48.0) | 43.0 (36.0–51.0) | 0.06 |
Geographical area of origin, n (%) | 0.02 | |||
Italy | 91 (58.3) | 80/91 (87.9) | 11/91 (12.1) | |
East-Europe | 38 (24.4) | 24/38 (63.2) | 14/38 (36.8) | |
Africa | 16 (10.3) | 12/16 (75.0) | 4/16 (25.0) | |
South-Central America | 9 (5.8) | 8/9 (88.9) | 1/9 (11.1) | |
Asia | 2 (1.3) | 1/2 (50.0) | 1/2 (50.0) | |
Anti-HCV positive, n (%) | 33/156 (21.1) | 25/33 (75.8) | 8/33 (24.2) | 0.47 |
HCV RNA positive | 16/33 (48.5) | 13/25 (52.0) | 3/8 (37.5) | 0.37 |
Anti-HIV positive, n (%) | 4 (2.6) | 4/4 (100.0) | 0/4 (0.0) | 0.22 |
HBV serological profile, n (%) | ||||
HBsAg positive | 2 (1.3) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (1.3) | 0.04 |
Anti-HBs positive | 118 (75.6) | 88 (56.4) | 30 (19.2) | 0.02 |
Syphilis serological profile, n (%) | ||||
VDRL | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
TPHA | 4 (2.9) | 3 (1.9) | 1 (0.7) | 1.00 |
Transmission, n (%) | 0.03 | |||
Sexual transmission | 122 (78.2) | 103 (66.0) | 19 (12.2) | |
PWID | 28 (18.0) | 19 (12.2) | 9 (5.8) | |
Unknown | 5 (3.2) | 3 (1.9) | 2 (1.3) | |
Transfusions | 1 (0.6) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.6) | |
Drug abuse/Substitutive therapy and other psychiatric treatments, n (%) | ||||
Benzodiazepine | 20 (12.8) | 15 (9.6) | 5 (3.2) | 0.55 |
Methadone | 10 (4.5) | 7 (5.0) | 3 (1.9) | 0.42 |
Cocaine | 6 (3.9) | 6 (3.9) | 0 (0.0) | 0.60 |
Opium | 4 (2.6) | 4 (2.6) | 0 (0.0) | 0.59 |
Cannabis | 2 (1.3) | 2 (1.3) | 0 (0.0) | 1.00 |
Variable | Univariate Analysis | Multivariate Analysis | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95%IC) | p | OR (95%IC) | p | |
Age | 1.03 (1.00–1.07) | 0.05 | 1.06 (1.01–1.11) | 0.011 |
Geographical area of origin | ||||
Italy | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
North-East-Europe | 4.24 (1.97–10.60) | 0.002 | 11.67 (3.29–41.30) | <0.001 |
Africa | 2.42 (0.66–8.85) | 0.180 | 6.92 (1.51–31.60) | 0.013 |
South-Central America | 0.91 (0.10–7.98) | 1.87 (0.19–18.70) | 0.592 | |
Asia | 7.27 (0.42–124.80) | 14.9 (0.80–278.00) | 0.070 | |
Anti-HCV positive | 1.39 (0.56–3.48) | 0.71 | ||
Transmission | ||||
Sexual intercourses | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
PWID | 2.57 (1.01–6.52) | 0.047 | 6.55 (1.96–21.9) | 0.002 |
Transfusions | - | - | - | - |
Unknown | 3.61 (0.56–23.1) | 0.175 | 4.00 (0.37–18.70) | 0.251 |
Substitutive therapy or other psychiatric treatments | ||||
Methadone | 1.81 (0.44–7.42) | 0.82 | ||
Benzodiazepine | 1.41 (0.47–4.23) | 0.61 |
Variable | Total (115) | Anti-HBs < 10 mUI/mL (81) | Anti-HBs ≥ 10 mUI/mL (34) | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years), median (IQR) | 39.0 (32.0–48.9) | 41.0 (32.0–48.0) | 37.0 (31.0–46.0) | 0.37 |
Geographical area of origin, n (%) | 0.04 | |||
Italy | 71 (61.7) | 47/71 (66.2) | 24/71 (33.8) | |
North-East-Europe | 24 (20.9) | 21/24 (87.5) | 3/24 (12.5) | |
Africa | 12 (10.4) | 10/12 (83.3) | 2/12 (16.7) | |
South-Central America | 7 (6.1) | 3/7 (42.9) | 4/7 (57.1) | |
Asia | 1 (0.9) | 0/1 (0.0) | 1/1 (100) | |
Anti-HCV +, n (%) | 20 (17.4) | 13/20 (65.0) | 7/20 (35.0) | 0.60 |
HCV RNA positive (%) | 7/20 (35.0) | 3/13 (53.8) | 4/7 (57.1) | 0.09 |
Anti-HIV +, n (%) | 2 (1.7) | 1/2 (50.0) | 1/2 (50.0) | 0.51 |
Syphilis serological profile, n (%) | ||||
VDRL | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
TPHA | 3 (2.6) | 2 (1.7) | 1 (0.9) | 1.00 |
Trasmission, n (%) | 0.26 | |||
Sex | 98 (85.2) | 71 (61.7) | 27 (23.5) | |
PWID | 17 (14.8) | 10 (8.7) | 7 (6.1) | |
Drug abuse/Substitutive therapy and other psychiatric treatments, n (%) | ||||
Benzodiazepine | 14 (12.1) | 10 (8.7) | 4 (3.4) | 1.00 |
Methadone | 6 (5.2) | 3 (2.6) | 3 (2.6) | 0.36 |
Cocaine | 6 (5.2) | 2 (1.7) | 4 (3.5) | 0.04 |
Oppium | 4 (3.5) | 2 (1.7) | 2 (1.7) | 0.36 |
Cannabis | 2 (1.7) | 1 (0.9) | 1 (0.9) | 0.52 |
Variable | Univariate Analysis | Multivariate Analysis | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95%IC) | p | OR (95%IC) | p | |
Age (years) | 1.02 (0.98–1.05) | 0.32 | 1.03 (0.99–1.08) | 0.103 |
Geographical area of origin | ||||
Italy | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
North-East-Europe | 3.57 0.97–13.2) | 0.056 | 4.55(1.19–17.50) | 0.027 |
Africa | 2.55 (0.52–12.6) | 0.250 | 3.08 (0.61–15.60) | 0.174 |
South-Central American | 0.38 (0.08–1.85) | 0.233 | 0.44 (0.08–2.720) | 0.103 |
Asia | - | - | - | - |
Anti-HCV positive | 0.73 (0.27–2.05) | 0.56 | ||
Anti-HIV positive | 0.41 (0.03–6.79) | 0.54 | ||
History of endovenous drug injections | 0.54 (0.19–1.57) | 0.26 | ||
Substitutive therapy | ||||
Methadone | 0.40 (0.08–2.07) | 0.27 |
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Geremia, N.; Giovagnorio, F.; De Vito, A.; Martignago, L.; Fiore, V.; Rastrelli, E.; Madeddu, G.; Parisi, S.G.; Starnini, G.; Panese, S.; et al. HBV in Italian Women’s Jail: An Underestimated Problem? J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13, 1398. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13051398
Geremia N, Giovagnorio F, De Vito A, Martignago L, Fiore V, Rastrelli E, Madeddu G, Parisi SG, Starnini G, Panese S, et al. HBV in Italian Women’s Jail: An Underestimated Problem? Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2024; 13(5):1398. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13051398
Chicago/Turabian StyleGeremia, Nicholas, Federico Giovagnorio, Andrea De Vito, Luca Martignago, Vito Fiore, Elena Rastrelli, Giordano Madeddu, Saverio Giuseppe Parisi, Giulio Starnini, Sandro Panese, and et al. 2024. "HBV in Italian Women’s Jail: An Underestimated Problem?" Journal of Clinical Medicine 13, no. 5: 1398. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13051398