Ion Separations Based on Spontaneously Arising Streaming Potentials in Rotating Isoporous Membranes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Rotating-Membrane Filtration Cell
2.3. Filtration Setup
2.4. Permeability Measurements
2.5. Single-Salt and Mixed-Salt Filtration
2.6. Numerical Simulations
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Peameability Measurements and Electroosmosis
3.2. Single-Salt Studies
3.3. Mixed-Salt Studies
3.3.1. Effect of Rotation Rate (Concentration Polarization)
3.3.2. Effect of Feed K+/Li+ Molar Ratios on Separations
3.3.3. Effect of Feed Ionic Strength
3.3.4. Comparison to Other Studies
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Properties | Value |
---|---|
Pore diameter | 30 nm |
Pore length | 6 µm |
Membrane surface charge density | −2.2 mC/m2 |
Transmembrane pressure | 20–100 psi (1.4–6.9 bar) |
Flow velocity within the boundary layer | Obtained from permeability measurements |
Fluid dynamic viscosity | 0.00089 Pa/s at 25 °C |
Flow velocity within the pores | Calculated from Hagen–Poiseuille model |
K+ diffusion coefficient 1 | 1.96 × 10−9 m2/s |
Li+ diffusion coefficient 1 | 1.03 × 10−9 m2/s |
Cl− diffusion coefficient 1 | 2.03 × 10−9 m2/s |
Boundary layer thickness (from Levich equation for K+) | 19.4 µm @ 1000 rpm 25.1 µm @ 600 rpm 63.1 µm @ 95 rpm |
Mechanism | Selectivity |
---|---|
Differences in dehydration energy and mobility between ion species | K+/Na+ ~850 in electrodialysis [44] Sr2+/Mg2+ ~900 in electric field-assisted nanofiltration [45] K+/Li+ and Na+/Li+ selectivities ~ 100 [16] |
Molecular recognition | Li+/Na+ ~280 and Li+/K+ ~360 in dialysis [46] K+/Na+ ~20 in conductivity measurements [23] |
Opposing flow and electric field | Li+/K+ ~150 in dead-end filtration (this work) K+/Li+ ~30 in hybrid electro-baromembrane process [47] |
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Tang, C.; Yaroshchuk, A.; Bruening, M.L. Ion Separations Based on Spontaneously Arising Streaming Potentials in Rotating Isoporous Membranes. Membranes 2022, 12, 631. https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes12060631
Tang C, Yaroshchuk A, Bruening ML. Ion Separations Based on Spontaneously Arising Streaming Potentials in Rotating Isoporous Membranes. Membranes. 2022; 12(6):631. https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes12060631
Chicago/Turabian StyleTang, Chao, Andriy Yaroshchuk, and Merlin L. Bruening. 2022. "Ion Separations Based on Spontaneously Arising Streaming Potentials in Rotating Isoporous Membranes" Membranes 12, no. 6: 631. https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes12060631