An Activated Bismuth Layer Formed In Situ on a Solid Bismuth Microelectrode for Electrochemical Sensitive Determination of Ga(III)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental
2.1. Apparatus
2.2. Reagents
2.3. Real Sample Preparation
2.4. Measurement Procedure
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Activation Conditions of the Bismuth Layer on the Solid Bismuth Microelectrode
3.2. Effect of Acetate Buffer and Bismuth Concentration
3.3. Analytical Performance
3.4. Stability of Measurement
3.5. Tolerance to Interfering Species
3.6. Analytical Applications
4. Conclusions
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- the solid bismuth microelectrode can be a valuable alternative for mercury electrodes for Ga(III) determination by anodic stripping voltammetry;
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- thanks to the use of an activated bismuth layer formed in situ on the solid bismuth microelectrode, the sensitivity of the determinations significantly increased compared to the solid bismuth electrode;
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- regarding long-term durability, after a minimum of six months of using this sensor, the voltammetric response of gallium remained practically unchanged;
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- the developed procedure for the determination of gallium is simple, fast, and does not require expensive equipment;
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- as proven, it is possible to directly analyze water environmental samples thanks to the minimizing of the negative effects of the organic matrix.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample | Ga(III) Added (nmol L−1) | Ga(III) Found (nmol L−1) | Recovery (%) | RSD (n = 5) (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Certified reference material SPS-WW1 waste water | 100 | 92.4 | 92.4 | 6.2 |
400 | 382.4 | 95.6 | 4.6 | |
Certified reference material SPS-SW2 surface water | 50 | 52.0 | 104.0 | 3.2 |
200 | 211 | 105.5 | 4.8 | |
Bystrzyca river water | 100 | 94.4 | 94.4 | 5.8 |
400 | 384.8 | 96.2 | 5.3 | |
Tap water | 50 | 51.5 | 103.0 | 6.4 |
200 | 195 | 97.5 | 4.6 |
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Grabarczyk, M.; Wlazlowska, E. An Activated Bismuth Layer Formed In Situ on a Solid Bismuth Microelectrode for Electrochemical Sensitive Determination of Ga(III). Membranes 2022, 12, 1267. https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes12121267
Grabarczyk M, Wlazlowska E. An Activated Bismuth Layer Formed In Situ on a Solid Bismuth Microelectrode for Electrochemical Sensitive Determination of Ga(III). Membranes. 2022; 12(12):1267. https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes12121267
Chicago/Turabian StyleGrabarczyk, Malgorzata, and Edyta Wlazlowska. 2022. "An Activated Bismuth Layer Formed In Situ on a Solid Bismuth Microelectrode for Electrochemical Sensitive Determination of Ga(III)" Membranes 12, no. 12: 1267. https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes12121267