Microcrystalline Cellulose-Blended Polyethersulfone Membranes for Enhanced Water Permeability and Humic Acid Removal
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Preparation of MCC Solution
2.3. Membrane Fabrication
2.4. Preparation of HA Solution
2.5. Characterization
2.5.1. Viscosity of Casting Solutions
2.5.2. Membrane Morphology
2.5.3. Membrane Surface Chemistry
2.5.4. Membrane Mechanical Properties
2.5.5. Membrane Water Contact Angle
2.6. Membrane Flux and HA Rejection Evaluation
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Surface Functional Groups
3.2. Casting Solution Viscosity
3.3. Membranes Morphology and Dope Viscosity
3.4. Mechanical Properties of Fabricated Membranes
3.5. Hydrophilicity Analysis of Fabricated Membranes
3.6. Permeability and Separation Performance of Fabricated Membranes
3.7. Comparison with Other Studies
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample | PES 1 [g] | MCC 2 [g] | Co-Solvent | |
---|---|---|---|---|
LiCl 3 [g] | DMAc 4 [g] | |||
S0 | 5.175 | 0 | 0 | 24.825 |
S1 | 5.175 | 0.3 | 1.962 | 22.563 |
S3 | 5.175 | 0.9 | 1.914 | 22.011 |
S5 | 5.175 | 1.5 | 1.866 | 21.459 |
Membrane | Tensile Strength [MPa] | Elongation-at-Break [%] |
---|---|---|
Pristine PES (S0) | 6.57 ± 1.52 | 11.88 ± 5.72 |
PES/MCC (S3) | 5.71 ± 0.89 | 7.16 ± 1.71 |
Membrane | Configuration | Operating Pressure | PWF 1 | Water Permeability 2 | Solute Rejection | Ref. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Membrane | Filtration | ||||||
PES/CA (18/2 wt.%) | FS | Dead-end | 2.94 bar | 15.00 LMH | Improved to 5.10 LMHB | Fluoride—8% | [28] |
PES/CAP/PVP (12.8/3.2/2 wt.%) | FS | Crossflow | 3.45 bar | 400.00 LMH | Improved to 115.94 LMHB | Non-skim milk—99% | [26] |
PES/CAB/PVP (27.26/1.74/1 wt.%) | HF | Inside-out | 6.89 bar | 2.60 LMH | Improved to 0.38 LMHB | Benzene—99.6% Toluene—98.3% Octanoic acid—99.6% Hexanoic acid—99.6% | [27] |
PES/LCNF/PVP (18/0.3/1.2 wt.%) | FS | Dead-end | 1.00 bar | 692.30 LMH | Improved to 692.30 LMHB | BSA—95% | [31] |
PES/CNC/PVP (15/0.15/2 wt.%) | FS | Dead-end | 2.78 bar | 190.00 LMH | Improved to 68.35 LMHB | BSA—96.2% | [49] |
PES/CNC/PVP (15/2/3 wt.%) | FS | Dead-end | 0.60 bar | 291.00 LMH | Improved to 485.00 LMHB | HA—71.9% BSA—82.7% NaAlg—85% | [29] |
PSf/GO/GA (18/2/3 wt.%) | FS | Dead-end | 4.00 bar | 58.68 LMH | Improved to 14.67 LMHB | HA—96.34% | [24] |
PES/MCC (17.25/3 wt.%) | FS | Crossflow | 1.00 bar | 51.50 LMH | Improved to 51.50 LMHB | HA—96.14% | This study |
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Nazri, A.I.; Ahmad, A.L.; Hussin, M.H. Microcrystalline Cellulose-Blended Polyethersulfone Membranes for Enhanced Water Permeability and Humic Acid Removal. Membranes 2021, 11, 660. https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes11090660
Nazri AI, Ahmad AL, Hussin MH. Microcrystalline Cellulose-Blended Polyethersulfone Membranes for Enhanced Water Permeability and Humic Acid Removal. Membranes. 2021; 11(9):660. https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes11090660
Chicago/Turabian StyleNazri, Amirul Islah, Abdul Latif Ahmad, and Mohd Hazwan Hussin. 2021. "Microcrystalline Cellulose-Blended Polyethersulfone Membranes for Enhanced Water Permeability and Humic Acid Removal" Membranes 11, no. 9: 660. https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes11090660