New Insights into the Gut Microbiota in Neurodegenerative Diseases from the Perspective of Redox Homeostasis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Oxidative Stress and NDs
3. Gut Microbiota, Oxidative Stress, and Neurodegeneration
3.1. Gut–Brain Axis under Physiological Conditions
3.2. Gut Microbiota-Mediated Oxidative Stress and Neurodegeneration
3.2.1. Alzheimer’s Disease
3.2.2. Parkinson’s Disease
3.2.3. Multiple Sclerosis
4. Gut Microbiota in Neuroprotection
4.1. Interactions of Gut Microbiota with Host and Dietary Molecules
4.2. Vitamins from Gut Microbiota in Neuroprotection
4.3. The Effect of Probiotics in Neuroprotection
5. Shaping the Gut Microbiota to Maintain Redox Homeostasis for NDs Treatment
6. Conclusions and Perspectives
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
AD | Alzheimer’s disease |
BDNF | Brain-derived neurotrophic factor |
CNS | Central nervous system |
CD14 | Cluster of differentiation 14 |
DA | Dopaminergic |
ENS | Enteric nervous system |
EAE | Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis |
FTD | Frontotemporal dementia |
GSH | Glutathione |
GABA | γ-aminobutyric acid |
H2 | Hydrogen |
HD | Huntington’s disease |
HPA | Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal |
H2S | Hydrogen sulfide |
IBD | Inflammatory bowel disease |
IBS | Irritable bowel syndrome |
KYN | Kynurenine |
MS | Multiple sclerosis |
MPTP | 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyridine |
NDs | Neurodegenerative diseases |
NO | Nitric oxide |
NFTs | Neurofibrillary tangles |
PA | Proanthocyanidins |
PD | Parkinson’s disease |
p-JNK | phosphorylation-c-Jun N-terminal kinase |
ROS | Reactive oxygen species |
RNS | Reactive nitrogen species |
SOD1 | Superoxide dismutase 1 |
SCFAs | Short-chain fatty acids |
SIRT1 | Sirtuin-1 |
TLRs | Toll-like receptors |
TH17 | T helper 17 |
TUDCA | Taurine deoxycholic acid |
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Antioxidants | Therapeutic Target | Mechanism | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Luteolin | PD | Increased dopamine absorption | [45] |
Selenium | AD | Degradation of Aβ plaques | [46,47] |
Curcumin | PD | NRF2 activation | [48] |
α-Tocopherol | AD | Aβ plaque degradation | [49] |
Quercetin | AD, PD | Hydroxyl radical scavenging | [50] |
Ginsenosides | AD | Inhibition of Aβ aggregation | [51] |
PLGA NPs | AD, PD, MS | Protection against oxidative stress | [52] |
Macrophage-derived exosomes | PD | Protection against oxidative stress and inflammation | [53] |
Coenzyme Q10 | AD | Reduction of oxidative stress and senile plaques | [54] |
Ferulic acid | AD | Inhibition of neuronal oxidative stress | [55] |
Neurodegenerative Disease | Experimental Subject | Gut Microbiota | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
AD | Fecal samples from AD | Firmicutes, Bifidobacterium ↓ Bacteroidetes ↑ | [64] |
Symptomatic Tg2576 mice | Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Lactobacillus ↑ | [65] | |
Fecal samples from AD patients | Ruminococcacea ↑ Lachnospirace ↓ | [66] | |
Male patients with AD | Bacteroidetes, Blautia ↑ Firmicutes, Bifidobacterium ↓ | [67] | |
Amyloid-positive patients | Escherichia, Shigella ↑ Eubacterium rectale ↓ | [68] | |
PD | Patients with PD | Enterobacteriaceae, Serratia ↑ Blautia, Coprococcus, Lachnospiraceae ↓ | [69] |
16S microbiome datasets | Akkermansia, Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium ↑ Faecalibacterium, Lachnospiraceae ↓ | [70] | |
Patients with PD | Butyricicoccus, Clostridium ↑ Shigella, Lactobacillus ↓ | [71] | |
MS | Patients with MS | Caproic acid, producers ↑ Butyric acid, producers ↓ | [72] |
Patients with MS | Patescibacteria ↑ Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcaceae ↓ | [73] |
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Wang, Y.; Zhang, Z.; Li, B.; He, B.; Li, L.; Nice, E.C.; Zhang, W.; Xu, J. New Insights into the Gut Microbiota in Neurodegenerative Diseases from the Perspective of Redox Homeostasis. Antioxidants 2022, 11, 2287. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11112287
Wang Y, Zhang Z, Li B, He B, Li L, Nice EC, Zhang W, Xu J. New Insights into the Gut Microbiota in Neurodegenerative Diseases from the Perspective of Redox Homeostasis. Antioxidants. 2022; 11(11):2287. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11112287
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Yu, Zhe Zhang, Bowen Li, Bo He, Lei Li, Edouard C. Nice, Wei Zhang, and Jia Xu. 2022. "New Insights into the Gut Microbiota in Neurodegenerative Diseases from the Perspective of Redox Homeostasis" Antioxidants 11, no. 11: 2287. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11112287