Hydrophobicity/Oleophilicity of Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC) Grains Coated with Oleic and Stearic Acids for Application as Oil/Water Separating Filtration and Adsorbent Materials in Vietnam
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. AAC Grains and Sands
2.2. Oil
2.3. Hydrophobic Agents and Coating
2.4. Measurement of Contact Angles
2.5. Physical and Chemical Properties of Tested Grains and Characterization of Hydrophobicity of HA-Coated Grains
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Physical and Chemical Characterization
3.2. Contact Angles of Water in Air (CAwa)
3.3. Contact Angles of Oil in Water (CAow)
3.4. Relationships between Physicochemical Properties and Measured CAwa and CAow
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
AAC | Autoclaved aerated concrete |
A/B | The ratio of hydrophobicity to hydrophilicity |
BET | Brunauer Emmett Teller |
CA | Contact angles |
CAow | Contact angles of oil droplets in water |
CAow,max | Maximum CAow of in the measured range |
CAow,PoI | CAow at PoI |
CAwa | Contact angles of water droplets in air |
CAwa,max | Maximum CAwa of in the measured range |
CAwa,PoI | CAwa at PoI |
D10 | Grain size at 10% passing |
D50 | Grain size at 50% passing (Median diameter) |
D60 | Grain size at 60% passing |
EC | Electrical conductivity |
EDS | Energy dispersive X–ray spectroscope |
Gs | Specific gravity |
HA | Hydrophobic agents |
HAow,PoI | HA concentrations corresponding to the PoI (CAow) |
HAwa,PoI | HA concentrations corresponding to the PoI (CAwa) |
OA | Oleic acid |
OC | Organic carbon |
pH | Potential hydrogen |
PoI | Point of intersection |
PVDF | Polyvinylidene fluoride |
SA | Stearic acid |
SDM | Sessile droplet method |
SEM | Scanning electron microscope |
SSA | Specific surface area |
Uc | The Uniformity Coefficient |
VN | Vietnam |
VN-AAC | AAC scrap in Vietnam |
WBP | Waste brick powder |
Appendix A
References
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Sample | Grain Size(mm) | D10 (mm) | D50 (mm) | D60 (mm) | Uc (D50/D10) | SSA (m2/g) | VT (cm3/g) | LOI (%) | wAD (%) | Gs (g/cm3) | EC(mS/cm) | pH (H2O) | pH (1 mol KCl) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
VN-AAC | 0.106–0.25 | 0.15 | 0.20 | 0.21 | 1.44 | 15.3 | 4.5 × 10−2 | 9.2 | 1.44 | 2.57 | 1.04 | 8.90 | 7.27 |
VN-AAC | 0.25–0.85 | 0.34 | 0.51 | 0.56 | 1.64 | 16.9 | 4.9 × 10−2 | 9.5 | 2.03 | 2.55 | 0.94 | 8.57 | 7.20 |
VN-AAC | 0.85–2.00 | 0.90 | 1.20 | 1.30 | 0.83 | 17.1 | 4.8 × 10−2 | 9.4 | 2.01 | 2.46 | 0.83 | 8.97 | 7.33 |
Slow sand | 0.18–2.00 | 0.31 | 0.48 | 0.55 | 1.54 | 3.0 | 6.0 × 10−3 | 0.6 | 0.44 | 2.66 | 0.01 | 7.83 | 6.13 |
Rapid sand | 0.30–2.00 | 0.62 | 0.79 | 0.83 | 1.28 | 3.5 | 7.0 × 10−3 | 0.5 | 0.40 | 2.63 | 0.02 | 7.27 | 6.00 |
Sample | Grain Size (mm) | Coating | CAwa | CAow | Ref. | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CAwa,max (°) | CAwa,PoI (°) | HAwa,PoI (g/kg) | ΔS1 (Slope) | ΔS2 (Slope) | CAow,max (°) | CAow,PoI (°) | HAow,PoI (g/kg) | ||||
VN-AAC | 0.106–0.25 | OA | 143 | 135 | 31.5 | 5.28 | 0.03 | 140 | 131 | 30.0 | This Study |
VN-AAC | 0.25–0.85 | 129 | 123 | 18.2 | 9.77 | 0.06 | 130 | 124 | 13.9 | ||
VN-AAC | 0.85–2.00 | 128 | 98 | 17.2 | 8.42 | 0.32 | 124 | 119 | 28.1 | ||
Slow sand | 0.18–2.00 | 82 | 82 | 2.5 | 32.36 | −0.42 | 138 | 0 | 20.3 | ||
Rapid sand | 0.30–2.00 | 73 | 70 | 2.4 | 28.77 | −0.25 | 137 | 0 | 29.9 | ||
VN-AAC | 0.106–0.25 | SA | 146 | 140 | 7.7 | 18.29 | 0.01 | 138 | 80 | 54.5 | |
VN-AAC | 0.25–0.85 | 141 | 126 | 17.5 | 8.37 | 0.17 | 130 | 121 | 12.2 | ||
VN-AAC | 0.85–2.00 | 135 | 115 | 13.6 | 9.99 | 0.26 | 124 | 106 | 20.8 | ||
Slow sand | 0.18–2.00 | 131 | 131 | 3.9 | 33.49 | −0.06 | 138 | 0 | 27.4 | ||
Rapid sand | 0.30–2.00 | 130 | 130 | 1.1 | 115.14 | −0.16 | 142 | 0 | 10.1 | ||
Glass bead | 0.075–0.25 | OA | 106 | 106 | 0.3 | 172.00 | 22.5 | NA | NA | NA | Wijewardana et al., 2015 [47] |
Accusand | 0.105–0.25 | 76 | 76 | 1.0 | 58.00 | 15.1 | NA | NA | NA | ||
Toyoura sand | 0.105–0.25 | 97 | 97 | 0.3 | 388.00 | 0.25 | NA | NA | NA | ||
Narita sand | 0.105–0.25 | 94 | 94 | 1.3 | 86.00 | 0.25 | NA | NA | NA | ||
Narita sand | 0.25–0.425 | 93 | 93 | 1.0 | 93.00 | 0.1 | NA | NA | NA | ||
Narita sand | 0.425–0.84 | 79 | 79 | 1.3 | 89.00 | 0.11 | NA | NA | NA | ||
Toyoura sand | 0.105–0.25 | OA | 101 | 101 | 0.3 | 329.00 | 0.25 | NA | NA | NA | Subedi et al., 2012 [39] |
Quartz sand | 0.05–0.25 | SA | 99 | 99 | 0.3 | 329.00 | 0.25 | NA | NA | NA | González-Peñaloza et al., 2013 [64] |
Quartz sand | 0.25–0.5 | 100 | 100 | 1.0 | 36.00 | 0.06 | NA | NA | NA | ||
Quartz sand | 0.5–2.0 | 101 | 101 | 2.0 | 28.00 | 0.01 | NA | NA | NA |
Sample | Coating | CAwa (°) | CAow (°) | SSA (m2/g) | OC (%) | A/B | No. of Samples | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
VN-AAC | OA | CAwa (°) | 1.00 | −0.61 | −0.88 | 0.72 | 0.72 | 25 |
CAow (°) | 1.00 | 0.82 | −0.92 | −0.49 | ||||
SSA (m2/g) | 1.00 | −0.91 | −0.69 | |||||
OC (%) | 1.00 | 0.61 | ||||||
A/B | 1.00 | |||||||
SA | CAwa (°) | 1.00 | −0.66 | −0.80 | 0.50 | 0.59 | 25 | |
CAow (°) | 1.00 | 0.86 | −0.75 | −0.75 | ||||
SSA (m2/g) | 1.00 | −0.81 | −0.74 | |||||
OC (%) | 1.00 | 0.50 | ||||||
A/B | 1.00 | |||||||
Sand | OA | CAwa (°) | 1.00 | −0.15 | −0.70 | −0.01 | 0.59 | 23 |
CAow (°) | 1.00 | 0.75 | −0.78 | −0.61 | ||||
SSA (m2/g) | 1.00 | −0.54 | −0.82 | |||||
OC (%) | 1.00 | 0.69 | ||||||
A/B | 1.00 | |||||||
SA | CAwa (°) | 1.00 | −0.55 | −0.91 | 0.41 | 0.58 | 24 | |
CAow (°) | 1.00 | 0.66 | −0.75 | −0.31 | ||||
SSA (m2/g) | 1.00 | −0.43 | −0.85 | |||||
OC (%) | 1.00 | 0.29 | ||||||
A/B | 1.00 |
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Matsuno, A.; Kawamoto, K. Hydrophobicity/Oleophilicity of Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC) Grains Coated with Oleic and Stearic Acids for Application as Oil/Water Separating Filtration and Adsorbent Materials in Vietnam. Environments 2022, 9, 101. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments9080101
Matsuno A, Kawamoto K. Hydrophobicity/Oleophilicity of Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC) Grains Coated with Oleic and Stearic Acids for Application as Oil/Water Separating Filtration and Adsorbent Materials in Vietnam. Environments. 2022; 9(8):101. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments9080101
Chicago/Turabian StyleMatsuno, Akihiro, and Ken Kawamoto. 2022. "Hydrophobicity/Oleophilicity of Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC) Grains Coated with Oleic and Stearic Acids for Application as Oil/Water Separating Filtration and Adsorbent Materials in Vietnam" Environments 9, no. 8: 101. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments9080101