Influence of Wood Biochar on Phenanthrene Catabolism in Soils
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Soil Preparation for Aging and Spiking
Soil Property | Myerscough | Kettering |
---|---|---|
pH | 6.53 | 7.4 |
Moisture content (%) | 21.07 | 30.0 |
Water holding capacity (%) | 35.02 | 40.3 |
Clay (%) | 19.50 | 23.0 |
Silt (%) | 20.00 | 35.0 |
Sand (%) | 60.40 | 42.0 |
Total organic matter (%) | 2.70 | 5.0 |
Temperature (°C) | Particle Size (mm) | pH | Ash Content (%) | Pore Volume (mL g−1) | Liquid Quantity (μL g−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
450–500 | ≤2 | 9.6 | 13.7 | 1.39 | 44 |
450–500 | 3–7 | 9.6 | 14.4 | 2.20 | 60 |
2.3. Measuring 14C-Phenanthrene Mineralisation by Indigenous Soil Microorganisms
2.4. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Effects of Biochar Amendment on Mineralisation of 14C-Phenanthrene
3.1.1. Impact of Biochar on the Lag Phase Prior to Mineralisation of 14C-Phenanthrene in Soil
Aging Period (d) | Soil | Amendment (%) | Lag Phase (d) | Maximum Rates (% d−1) | Total Extent(%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Myerscough | 0 | 7.09 ± 1.86 aA | 17.69 ± 0.98 aA | 42.59 ± 4.30 aA |
0.01 | 7.80 ± 1.29 aA | 25.09 ± 3.03 aA | 45.07 ± 0.03 aB | ||
0.1 | 5.48 ± 0.87 aA | 26.04 ± 3.10 aA | 48.44 ± 1.47 aB | ||
1 | 4.94 ± 0.64 aA | 29.67 ± 3.13 aA | 34.34 ± 2.62 aB | ||
Kettering | 0 | 3.31 ± 0.10 aB | 20.00 ± 1.95 aA | 45.39 ± 1.28 bA | |
0.01 | 3.15 ± 0.03 aB | 32.73 ± 4.08 aA | 61.16 ± 0.89 aA | ||
0.1 | 3.13 ± 0.03 aA | 28.62 ± 3.79 aA | 61.86 ± 1.57 aA | ||
1 | 3.18 ± 0.04 aA | 26.76 ± 3.72 aA | 58.58 ± 2.43 aA | ||
20 | Myerscough | 0 | 2.93 ± 0.08 aA | 15.29 ± 0.62 aA | 49.08 ± 0.70 aB |
0.01 | 2.69 ± 0.09 aA | 20.33 ± 1.80 aA | 53.31 ± 0.80 aA | ||
0.1 | 2.21 ± 0.07 bB | 21.77 ± 1.50 aA | 53.58 ± 1.59 aA | ||
1 | 2.36 ± 0.06 bB | 21.68 ± 0.63 aA | 50.40 ± 2.01 aB | ||
Kettering | 0 | 2.03 ± 0.01 aB | 19.15 ± 0.73 aA | 58.92 ± 0.90 aA | |
0.01 | 2.08 ± 0.06 aB | 16.87 ± 2.66 aA | 57.45 ± 0.80 aA | ||
0.1 | 2.10 ± 0.02 aA | 16.28 ± 1.92 aA | 57.64 ± 1.68 aA | ||
1 | 2.66 ± 0.41 aA | 13.65 ± 0.92 aB | 58.14 ± 0.71 aA | ||
60 | Myerscough | 0 | 3.56 ± 0.10 aA | 16.40 ± 2.10 bA | 43.69 ± 1.36 aA |
0.01 | 3.83 ± 0.16 aA | 29.50 ± 3.09 aA | 56.08 ± 1.26 aA | ||
0.1 | 2.96 ± 0.07 aA | 29.02 ± 2.72 aA | 50.15 ± 1.70 aA | ||
1 | 3.18 ± 0.07 aA | 21.61 ± 1.87 bA | 52.16 ± 2.28 aA | ||
60 | Kettering | 0 | 2.62 ± 0.05 aB | 10.09 ± 0.39 aA | 34.46 ± 3.21 aA |
0.01 | 2.52 ± 0.25 aA | 15.26 ± 1.72 aB | 42.49 ± 0.72 aB | ||
0.1 | 2.50 ± 0.28 aA | 12.27 ± 1.62 aB | 43.85 ± 1.03 aA | ||
1 | 2.48 ± 0.04 aB | 10.66 ± 0.30 aB | 41.23 ± 1.87 aB | ||
100 | Myerscough | 0 | 3.92 ± 0.02 aA | 12.79 ± 1.46 aA | 36.26 ± 1.40 aA |
0.01 | 4.12 ± 0.07 aA | 12.79 ± 1.36 aA | 37.29 ± 1.07 aA | ||
0.1 | 3.78 ± 0.15 aA | 17.78 ± 1.03 aA | 44.08 ± 1.52 aA | ||
1 | 3.46 ± 0.04 aA | 10.23 ± 1.01 aA | 37.29 ± 0.83 aA | ||
Kettering | 0 | 2.38 ± 0.06 aB | 13.70 ± 1.27 aA | 44.07 ± 1.08 aA | |
0.01 | 2.26 ± 0.01 aB | 17.02 ± 1.23 aA | 47.02 ± 2.46 aA | ||
0.1 | 2.41 ± 0.04 aB | 15.55 ± 3.14 aA | 42.26 ± 2.99 aA | ||
1 | 2.51 ± 0.07 aB | 10.76 ± 2.63 aA | 41.03 ± 1.71 aA |
Aging Period (d) | Soil | Amendment (%) | Lag Phase (d) | Maximum Rates (% d−1) | Total Extent (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Myerscough | 0 | 7.09 ± 1.86 aA | 17.69 ± 0.98 aA | 42.59 ± 4.30 aA |
0.01 | 7.01 ± 0.70 aA | 18.95 ± 2.87 aB | 42.45 ± 0.50 aB | ||
0.1 | 8.66 ± 0.10 aA | 17.95 ± 0.91 aB | 41.39 ± 0.20 aB | ||
1 | 7.08 ± 0.02 aA | 15.49 ± 2.20 aB | 36.21 ± 3.00 aB | ||
Kettering | 0 | 3.31 ± 0.10 aB | 20.00± 1.95 bA | 45.39 ± 1.28 bA | |
0.01 | 3.27 ± 0.17 aB | 30.75 ± 2.98 aA | 64.92 ± 1.07 aA | ||
0.1 | 3.18 ± 0.06 aB | 26.64 ± 0.70 aA | 53.76 ± 2.06 aA | ||
1 | 3.35 ± 0.55 aB | 14.72 ± 1.68 bA | 50.32 ± 1.20 bA | ||
20 | Myerscough | 0 | 2.93 ± 0.08 aA | 15.29 ± 0.62 aA | 49.08 ± 0.70 bB |
0.01 | 2.43 ± 0.09 bA | 24.10 ± 2.39 aA | 52.19 ± 1.08 aB | ||
0.1 | 2.24 ± 0.11 bA | 23.84 ± 1.22 aA | 55.17 ± 0.61 aA | ||
1 | 2.38 ± 0.12 bA | 22.21 ± 1.82 aA | 53.84 ± 0.19 aA | ||
Kettering | 0 | 2.03 ± 0.08 bB | 19.15 ± 0.73 aA | 58.92 ± 0.90 aA | |
0.01 | 2.12 ± 0.01 aB | 17.62 ± 0.04 aB | 56.48 ± 0.88 aA | ||
0.1 | 2.09 ± 0.03 aA | 15.89 ± 1.11 aB | 57.83 ± 0.79 aA | ||
1 | 2.07 ± 0.01 aB | 13.39 ± 1.07 aB | 55.86 ± 0.78 aA | ||
60 | Myerscough | 0 | 3.56 ± 0.10 aA | 16.40 ± 2.10 bA | 43.69 ± 1.36 aA |
0.01 | 3.13 ± 0.02 aA | 22.23 ± 0.22 aA | 49.20 ± 0.87 aA | ||
0.1 | 2.54 ± 0.20 bA | 24.76 ± 1.91 aA | 52.26 ± 2.28 aA | ||
1 | 2.61 ± 0.16 bA | 24.46 ± 1.82 aA | 51.82 ± 0.73 aA | ||
60 | Kettering | 0 | 2.62 ± 0.05 aB | 10.09 ± 0.39 bA | 34.46 ± 3.21 aA |
0.01 | 2.40 ± 0.07 bB | 9.72 ± 0.55 bB | 40.82 ± 1.31 aB | ||
0.1 | 2.30 ± 0.05 bA | 13.90 ± 0.80 aB | 43.07 ± 1.85 aB | ||
1 | 2.34 ± 0.03 bA | 13.50 ± 0.62 aB | 42.23 ± 1.71 aB | ||
100 | Myerscough | 0 | 3.92 ± 0.02 aA | 12.79 ± 1.46 aA | 36.26 ± 1.40 aA |
0.01 | 3.90 ± 0.10 aA | 9.75 ± 1.21 aA | 38.69 ± 3.37 aA | ||
0.1 | 3.63 ± 0.03 bA | 12.79 ± 1.46 aB | 36.70 ± 2.45 aB | ||
1 | 3.25 ± 0.02 bA | 14.66 ± 2.15 aA | 43.61 ± 0.95 aA | ||
Kettering | 0 | 2.38 ± 0.06 aB | 13.70 ± 1.27 aA | 44.07 ± 1.08 aA | |
0.01 | 2.62 ± 0.18 aB | 14.96 ± 3.51 aA | 42.40 ± 2.22 aA | ||
0.1 | 2.57 ± 0.11 aB | 20.33 ± 0.37 aA | 47.66 ± 0.61 aA | ||
1 | 2.55 ± 0.09 aB | 15.81 ± 1.49 aA | 44.60 ± 1.99 aA |
3.1.2. Impact of Biochar on the Maximum Rates of 14C-Phenanthrene Mineralisation in Soil
3.1.3. Impact of Biochar on the Total Extents of 14C-Phenanthrene Mineralisation
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflict of Interest
References
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Ogbonnaya, U.; Oyelami, A.; Matthews, J.; Adebisi, O.; Semple, K.T. Influence of Wood Biochar on Phenanthrene Catabolism in Soils. Environments 2014, 1, 60-74. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments1010060
Ogbonnaya U, Oyelami A, Matthews J, Adebisi O, Semple KT. Influence of Wood Biochar on Phenanthrene Catabolism in Soils. Environments. 2014; 1(1):60-74. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments1010060
Chicago/Turabian StyleOgbonnaya, Uchenna, Ayodeji Oyelami, Justin Matthews, Olusoji Adebisi, and Kirk T. Semple. 2014. "Influence of Wood Biochar on Phenanthrene Catabolism in Soils" Environments 1, no. 1: 60-74. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments1010060