Ginkgo Biloba L. Residues Partially Replacing Alfalfa Hay Pellet in Pelleted Total Mixed Ration on Growth Performance, Serum Biochemical Parameters, Rumen Fermentation, Immune Function and Meat Quality in Finishing Haimen White Goats
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Ethical Considerations
2.2. Preparation of GBLR and Pelleted Total Mixed Ration
2.3. Experimental Design, Animals, Diets, and Feeding Management
2.4. Sample Collection and Parameter Measurement
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Effect of GBLRs Replacing Alfalfa Hay Pellets in PTMR on Growth Performance and Apparent Digestibility of Haimen White Goats
3.2. Effects of GBLRs Replacing Alfalfa Hay Pellets in PTMR on Serum Biochemical Parameters of Haimen White Goats
3.3. Effects of GBLRs Replacing Alfalfa Hay Pellets in PTMR on Serum Antioxidants and Immune Parameters of Haimen White Goats
3.4. Effects of GBLRs Replacing Alfalfa Hay Pellets in PTMR on Rumen Fermentation of Haimen White Goats
3.5. Effects of GBLRs Replacing Alfalfa Hay Pellets in PTMR on Meat Quality of Haimen White Goats
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Items | GBLR | Alfalfa Hay Pellet |
---|---|---|
Dry matter | 93.4 | 93.8 |
Crude protein | 16.5 | 15.2 |
Ether extract | 1.5 | 1.6 |
Crude ash | 11.4 | 11.8 |
Neutral detergent fiber | 40.5 | 41.2 |
Acid detergent fiber | 32.8 | 31.0 |
Items | CG | G6 | G12 | G18 | G24 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ground corn | 30.5 | 30.5 | 30.5 | 30.5 | 30.5 |
Wheat bran | 12.2 | 12.8 | 13.1 | 13.2 | 12.8 |
Soybean meal (43%) | 8.1 | 8.1 | 8.4 | 8.2 | 8.3 |
DDGS (corn) | 4 | 3.4 | 2.8 | 2.9 | 3.2 |
Alfalfa hay pellet | 30 | 24 | 18 | 12 | 6 |
GBLR | 0 | 6 | 12 | 18 | 24 |
Peanut hay | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 |
Calcium carbonate | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Sodium bicarbonate | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 |
Salt | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 |
Premix 1 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 3.3 |
Nutrient Levels 2 | |||||
ME (MJ/kg) | 9.45 | 9.46 | 9.45 | 9.44 | 9.45 |
DM (%) | 87.3 | 88.2 | 87.5 | 88.0 | 87.9 |
CP (%DM) | 14.63 | 14.52 | 14.56 | 14.58 | 14.60 |
EE (%DM) | 2.34 | 2.37 | 2.35 | 2.38 | 2.38 |
Ash (%DM) | 9.5 | 9.6 | 9.9 | 9.2 | 9.4 |
NDF (%DM) | 33.52 | 32.18 | 33.84 | 32.60 | 31.95 |
ADF (%DM) | 19.30 | 20.83 | 20.32 | 19.90 | 19.82 |
Calcium (%DM) | 1.15 | 1.15 | 1.15 | 1.15 | 1.15 |
Phosphorus (%DM) | 0.40 | 0.40 | 0.40 | 0.40 | 0.40 |
Items | Treatments | SEM | p-Value | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CG | G6 | G12 | G18 | G24 | Linear | Quadratic | ||
Initial BW (kg) | 16.1 | 15.9 | 16.2 | 16.0 | 16.5 | 0.52 | 0.35 | 0.78 |
Final BW (kg) | 28.2 b | 29.5 a,b | 29.3 a,b | 32.1 a | 28.9 a,b | 0.19 | 0.63 | 0.92 |
ADG (g/d) | 193 b | 217 a,b | 202 b | 232 a | 205 b | 18.2 | 0.57 | 0.65 |
ADFI (kg/d) | 1.07 b | 1.15 a,b | 1.13 a,b | 1.20 a | 1.12 a,b | 0.02 | 0.16 | 0.83 |
FCR | 5.60 a | 5.30 a,b | 5.58 a | 5.21 b | 5.45 a,b | 0.28 | 0.21 | 0.33 |
Feed cost (RMB/head/d) | 2.51 a | 2.40 a,b | 2.37 a,b | 2.30 b | 2.24 b | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.21 |
Items | Treatments | SEM | p-Value | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CG | G6 | G12 | G18 | G24 | Linear | Quadratic | ||
DM (%) | 0.63 b | 0.67 a | 0.72 a | 0.75 a | 0.78 a | 0.02 | 0.15 | 0.53 |
EE (%) | 0.70 | 0.71 | 0.72 | 0.71 | 0.70 | 0.06 | 0.56 | 0.98 |
NDF (%) | 0.58 b | 0.65 a | 0.66 a | 0.68 a | 0.72 a | 0.02 | 0.22 | 0.62 |
ADF (%) | 0.54 | 0.56 | 0.60 | 0.62 | 0.63 | 0.08 | 0.40 | 0.14 |
CP (%) | 0.59 | 0.65 | 0.68 | 0.63 | 0.66 | 0.07 | 0.21 | 0.58 |
Items | Treatments | SEM | p-Value | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CG | G6 | G12 | G18 | G24 | Linear | Quadratic | ||
TP (g/L) | 65.4 | 66.7 | 65.9 | 64.2 | 67.3 | 2.36 | 0.24 | 0.56 |
ALB (g/L) | 22.6 | 22.2 | 21.9 | 23.1 | 21.8 | 0.86 | 0.19 | 0.45 |
GLO (g/L) | 44.30 | 43.97 | 43.80 | 42.93 | 42.38 | 1.82 | 0.51 | 0.68 |
A/G | 0.51 | 0.52 | 0.50 | 0.48 | 0.49 | 0.05 | 0.32 | 0.79 |
CREA (μmoI/L) | 45.6 | 50.0 | 49.5 | 47.2 | 46.4 | 5.43 | 0.36 | 0.85 |
BUN (mmoI/L) | 7.12 | 7.20 | 7.23 | 7.22 | 7.05 | 0.32 | 0.13 | 0.64 |
UA (μmoI/L) | 32.0 | 33.7 | 35.2 | 34.3 | 31.5 | 3.42 | 0.58 | 0.75 |
ALT (U/L) | 18.2 a | 17.5 a,b | 17.2 a,b | 16.4 b | 17.3 a,b | 0.81 | 0.25 | 0.56 |
AST (U/L) | 62.5 a | 59.1 a,b | 58.2 a,b | 57.5 a,b | 56.3 b | 0.08 | 0.09 | 0.62 |
GLU (mmoI/L) | 4.61 | 4.59 | 4.26 | 4.35 | 4.20 | 0.36 | 0.41 | 0.86 |
TG (mmoI/L) | 0.21 | 0.18 | 0.15 | 0.13 | 0.12 | 0.02 | 0.24 | 0.52 |
HDL (mmoI/L) | 0.66 | 0.62 | 0.59 | 0.63 | 0.61 | 0.05 | 0.45 | 0.72 |
LDL (mmoI/L) | 0.51 | 0.50 | 0.55 | 0.49 | 0.48 | 0.06 | 0.43 | 0.71 |
Items | Treatments | SEM | p-Value | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CG | G6 | G12 | G18 | G24 | Linear | Quadratic | ||
MDA (nmol/mL) | 3.46 | 3.32 | 3.26 | 3.22 | 3.19 | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.56 |
GSH-PX (U/mL) | 654 b | 660 b | 684 a | 678 a,b | 662 b | 8.50 | 0.17 | 0.72 |
SOD (U/mL) | 75.6b | 78.5 b | 86.3 a,b | 91.0 a | 87.2 a,b | 5.30 | 0.12 | 0.41 |
Items | Treatments | SEM | p-Value | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CG | G6 | G12 | G18 | G24 | Linear | Quadratic | ||
lgM (g/L) | 0.68 | 0.67 | 0.70 | 0.72 | 0.71 | 0.08 | 0.62 | 0.81 |
lgG (g/L) | 16.9 | 17.4 | 17.5 | 18.3 | 18.5 | 0.12 | 0.08 | 0.53 |
lgA (g/L) | 0.64 | 0.62 | 0.66 | 0.67 | 0.65 | 0.04 | 0.27 | 0.59 |
IL1 (pg/mL) | 30.4 | 31.4 | 27.1 | 28.5 | 29.4 | 2.59 | 0.37 | 0.65 |
IL6 (pg/mL) | 142 | 146 | 139 | 140 | 141 | 12.30 | 0.43 | 0.78 |
IL2 (pg/mL) | 317 | 310 | 299 | 305 | 312 | 30.20 | 0.31 | 0.47 |
IL4 (pg/mL) | 7.13 b | 7.28 b | 8.15 a | 8.17 a | 8.32 a | 0.35 | 0.16 | 0.42 |
TNF-α (pg/mL) | 45.5 | 49.1 | 44.3 | 46.2 | 49.0 | 5.20 | 0.68 | 0.79 |
Items | Treatments | SEM | p-Value | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CG | G6 | G12 | G18 | G24 | Linear | Quadratic | ||
NH3-N (mg/dL) | 8.85 | 9.10 | 9.08 | 9.12 | 8.89 | 1.05 | 0.41 | 0.83 |
pH | 6.68 | 6.71 | 6.80 | 6.75 | 6.63 | 0.58 | 0.35 | 0.68 |
TVFA/(mmol/L) | 125.9 | 123.7 | 127.6 | 125.3 | 126.5 | 10.82 | 0.51 | 0.85 |
Acetate (C2)/(mmol/L) | 56.9 | 58.0 | 60.6 | 62.1 | 63.5 | 4.34 | 0.07 | 0.42 |
Propionate (C3)/(mmol /L) | 28.8 | 28.6 | 27.4 | 27.2 | 26.8 | 2.16 | 0.08 | 0.71 |
Butyrate (C4)/(mmol /L) | 7.7 | 7.6 | 8.4 | 7.3 | 8.1 | 0.70 | 0.42 | 0.78 |
C2:C3 | 2.02 | 2.11 | 2.20 | 2.27 | 2.32 | 0.14 | 0.06 | 0.36 |
Items | Treatments | SEM | p-Value | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CG | G6 | G12 | G18 | G24 | Linear | Quadratic | ||
pH45min | 6.42 | 6.38 | 6.28 | 6.19 | 6.27 | 0.05 | 0.28 | 0.65 |
Moisture (g/kg) | 76.6 | 76.3 | 75.5 | 76.4 | 75.8 | 6.65 | 0.15 | 0.42 |
Crude protein (g/kg) | 175.8 | 169.2 | 171.3 | 172.5 | 173.8 | 15.20 | 0.26 | 0.56 |
Fat (g/kg) | 18.5 | 18.1 | 17.9 | 18.3 | 17.8 | 2.04 | 0.35 | 0.73 |
Crude ash (g/kg) | 13.5 | 13.2 | 12.9 | 13.0 | 12.8 | 1.05 | 0.17 | 0.46 |
Cooking loss | 26.5 | 25.8 | 26.4 | 25.3 | 26.2 | 2.10 | 0.23 | 0.72 |
Shear force (kg/cm2) | 6.12 | 6.20 | 5.98 | 6.08 | 6.16 | 0.04 | 0.32 | 0.96 |
Lightness (L*) | 53.20 | 53.58 | 53.80 | 54.01 | 54.36 | 4.98 | 0.07 | 0.17 |
Redness (a*) | 14.15 b | 15.30 a,b | 15.40 a,b | 15.92 a | 15.48 a,b | 0.52 | 0.12 | 0.52 |
Yellowness (b*) | 6.80 | 6.89 | 7.02 | 7.11 | 7.20 | 0.35 | 0.09 | 0.15 |
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Chen, Y.; Gong, X.; Yang, T.; Jiang, M.; Wang, L.; Zhan, K.; Lin, M.; Zhao, G. Ginkgo Biloba L. Residues Partially Replacing Alfalfa Hay Pellet in Pelleted Total Mixed Ration on Growth Performance, Serum Biochemical Parameters, Rumen Fermentation, Immune Function and Meat Quality in Finishing Haimen White Goats. Animals 2021, 11, 3046. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11113046
Chen Y, Gong X, Yang T, Jiang M, Wang L, Zhan K, Lin M, Zhao G. Ginkgo Biloba L. Residues Partially Replacing Alfalfa Hay Pellet in Pelleted Total Mixed Ration on Growth Performance, Serum Biochemical Parameters, Rumen Fermentation, Immune Function and Meat Quality in Finishing Haimen White Goats. Animals. 2021; 11(11):3046. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11113046
Chicago/Turabian StyleChen, Yinyin, Xiaoxiao Gong, Tianyu Yang, Maocheng Jiang, Lin Wang, Kang Zhan, Miao Lin, and Guoqi Zhao. 2021. "Ginkgo Biloba L. Residues Partially Replacing Alfalfa Hay Pellet in Pelleted Total Mixed Ration on Growth Performance, Serum Biochemical Parameters, Rumen Fermentation, Immune Function and Meat Quality in Finishing Haimen White Goats" Animals 11, no. 11: 3046. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11113046