Prevalence of Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria in Healthcare-Associated Bloodstream Infections at Hospitals in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Collection of Blood Specimens
2.2. Isolation and Identification of Bacteria
2.3. Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Clinical Isolates
2.4. Data Analysis
2.5. Ethical Consideration
3. Results
3.1. Isolation and Identification of Clinical Bacterial from Targeted Patients
3.2. Distribution of Isolated Clinical Bacteria in Relation to Patient Age
3.3. Isolated Clinical Bacteria Percentage Differences in Relation with Patient’s Sex at Birth
3.4. Susceptibility and Resistance of the Most Prevalent Clinical Bacterial Isolates to the Tested Antimicrobials
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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G +ve, total ni = 629 (55.90%) | Bacillus sp. (1) | Staphylococcus epidermidis (230) | Streptococcus acidominimus (3) | Streptococcus group C (3) |
Enterococcus avium (1) | Staphylococcus haemolyticus (27) | Streptococcus agalactiae (5) | Corynebacterium group JK (4) | |
Enterococcus casseliflavus (3) | Staphylococcus hominis (70) | Streptococcus anginosus (2) | Gemella spp. (2) | |
Enterococcus durans (1) | Staphylococcus lentus (4) | Streptococcus constellatus (1) | Lactobacillus sp. (1) | |
Enterococcus faecalis (36) | Staphylococcus lugdunensis (3) | Streptococcus milleri (1) | Leuconostoc sp. (1) | |
Enterococcus faecium (21) | Staphylococcus pettenkoferi (3) | Streptococcus mitis (2) | Pediococcus pentosaceus (1) | |
Enterococcus raffinosus (2) | Staphylococcus saprophyticus (2) | Streptococcus oralis (1) | Nocardia sp. (1) | |
Staphylococcus aureus (55) | Staphylococcus schleiferi (2) | Streptococcus parasanguinis (2) | ||
MRSA (47) | Staphylococcus sciuri (1) | Streptococcus pneumoniae (7) | ||
Staphylococcus capitis (38) | Staphylococcus simulans (1) | Streptococcus pyogenes (2) | ||
Staphylococcus caprae (3) | coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp. (6) | Streptococcus sanguis (1) | ||
Staphylococcus cohnii (1) | Staphylococcus warneri (1) | Streptococcus viridans (30) | ||
G −ve, total ni = 496 (44.10%) | Achromobacter spp. (2) | Citrobacter koseri (1) | Klebsiella oxytoca (8) | Pseudomonas aeruginosa (54) |
Acinetobacter baumanni (23) | Citrobacter sp. (1) | Klebsiella ozaenae (4) | Pseudomonas fluorescens (1) | |
Acinetobacter lwoffi (4) | Campylobacter spp. (2) | Klebsiella pneumoniae (non-ESBL) (130) | Salmonella group D (non-typhi) (1) | |
Aeromonas caviae (3) | Eikenella corrodens (1) | Klebsiella pneumoniae (ESBL) (33) | Salmonella spp. (non-typhi) (10) | |
Aeromonas hydrophila (1) | Elizabethkingia meningoseptica (2) | Kluyvera ascorbata (2) | Serratia marcescens (20) | |
Aeromonas veronii (1) | Enterobacter cloacae (34) | Morganella morganii (1) | Serratia plymuthica (1) | |
Alcaligenes denitrificans (1) | Enterobacter gergoviae (2) | Pantoea agglomerans (2) | Shigella flexneri (1) | |
Burkholderia cepacia (1) | Escherichia coli (non-ESBL) (69) | Proteus mirabilis (non-ESBL) (8) | Sphingomonas paucimobilis (1) | |
Brucella spp. (8) | Escherichia coli (ESBL) (39) | Proteus mirabilis (ESBL) (1) | Neisseria sp. (1) | |
Citrobacter amalonaticus (1) | Escherichia vulneris (1) | Providencia rustigianii (2) | ||
Citrobacter farmeri (1) | Haemophilus influenzae (3) | Providencia stuartii (3) | ||
Citrobacter freundii (2) | Klebsiella aerogenes (8) | Providencia rettgeri (1) |
Gram-Negative Bacterial Isolate | Pediatric (from 0 to 12) np = 282 | Adult (from 13 to 64) np = 508 | Elderly (65 or More) np = 249 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male np = 166 | Female np = 116 | Male np = 296 | Female np = 212 | Male np = 132 | Female np = 117 | |
Achromobacter spp. | 0.00% | 1 (008.%) | 0.00% | 0.00% | 1 (008.%) | 0.00% |
Acinetobacter baumanni | 3 (0.26%) | 1 (008.%) | 10 (0.88%) | 6 (0.53%) | 2 (0.17%) | 1 (008.%) |
Acinetobacter lwoffi | 2 (0.17%) | 2 (0.17%) | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% |
Aeromonas caviae | 0.00% | 0.00% | 1 (008.%) | 0.00% | 2 (0.17%) | 0.00% |
Aeromonas hydrophila | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 1 (008.%) | 0.00% | 0.00% |
Aeromonas veronii | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 1 (008.%) | 0.00% | 0.00% |
Alcaligenes denitrificans | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 1 (008.%) | 0.00% | 0.00% |
Burkholderia cepacia | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 1 (008.%) | 0.00% | 0.00% |
Brucella spp. | 2 (0.17%) | 1 (008.%) | 5 (0.44%) | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% |
Citrobacter amalonaticus | 1 (008.%) | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% |
Citrobacter farmeri | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 1 (008.%) | 0.00% |
Citrobacter freundii | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 2 (0.17%) | 0.00% | 0.00% |
Citrobacter koseri | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 1 (008.%) | 0.00% |
Citrobacter sp. | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 1 (008.%) | 0.00% | 0.00% |
Campylobacter spp. | 2 (0.17%) | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% |
Eikenella corrodens | 0.00% | 0.00% | 1 (008.%) | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% |
Elizabethkingia meningoseptica | 1 (008.%) | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 1 (008.%) | 0.00% |
Enterobacter cloacae | 5 (0.44%) | 6 (0.53%) | 7 (0.62%) | 10 (0.88%) | 4 (0.35%) | 2 (0.17%) |
Enterobacter gergoviae | 0.00% | 1 (0.86%) | 0.00% | 0.00% | 1 (0.76%) | 0.00% |
Escherichia coli (non-ESBL) | 5 (0.44%) | 3 (0.26%) | 20 (1.77%) | 20 (1.77%) | 8 (0.71%) | 13 (1.15%) |
Escherichia coli (ESBL) | 3 (0.26%) | 2 (0.17%) | 13 (1.15%) | 11 (0.97%) | 1 (008.%) | 9 (0.80%) |
Escherichia vulneris | 0.00% | 0.00% | 1 (008.%) | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% |
Haemophilus influenzae | 1 (008.%) | 2 (0.17%) | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% |
Klebsiella aerogenes | 2 (0.17%) | 0.00% | 2 (0.17%) | 0.00% | 3 (0.26%) | 1 (008.%) |
Klebsiella oxytoca | 2 (0.17%) | 0.00% | 3 (0.26%) | 2 (0.17%) | 1 (008.%) | 0.00% |
Klebsiella ozaenae | 1 (008.%) | 0.00% | 3 (0.26%) | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% |
Klebsiella pneumoniae (non-ESBL) | 19 (1.68%) | 12 (1.06%) | 38 (3.37%) | 30 (2.66%) | 19 (1.68%) | 12 (1.06%) |
Klebsiella pneumoniae (ESBL) | 9 (0.80%) | 5 (0.44%) | 7 (0.62%) | 7 (0.62%) | 3 (0.26%) | 2 (0.17%) |
Kluyvera ascorbata | 1 (008.%) | 0.00% | 0.00% | 1 (008.%) | 0.00% | 0.00% |
Morganella morganii | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 1 (008.%) |
Pantoea agglomerans | 1 (008.%) | 0.00% | 0.00% | 1 (008.%) | 0.00% | 0.00% |
Proteus mirabilis (non-ESBL) | 0.00% | 0.00% | 4 (0.35%) | 1 (008.%) | 1 (008.%) | 2 (0.17%) |
Proteus mirabilis (ESBL) | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 1 (008.%) | 0.00% |
Providencia rustigianii | 0.00% | 0.00% | 1 (008.%) | 1 (008.%) | 0.00% | 0.00% |
Providencia stuartii | 0.00% | 0.00% | 2 (0.17%) | 0.00% | 0.00% | 1 (008.%) |
Providencia rettgeri | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 1 (008.%) | 0.00% |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa | 3 (0.26%) | 9 (0.80%) | 17 (1.51%) | 10 (0.88%) | 5 (0.44%) | 10 (0.88%) |
Pseudomonas fluorescens | 0.00% | 0.00% | 1 (008.%) | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% |
Salmonella group D (non-typhi) | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 1 (008.%) | 0.00% |
Salmonella spp. (non-typhi) | 1 (008.%) | 4 (0.35%) | 2 (0.17%) | 3 (0.26%) | 0.00% | 0.00% |
Serratia marcescens | 1 (008.%) | 4 (0.35%) | 6 (0.53%) | 5 (0.44%) | 2 (0.17%) | 2 (0.17%) |
Serratia plymuthica | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 1 (008.%) |
Shigella flexneri | 0.00% | 0.00% | 1 (008.%) | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% |
Sphingomonas paucimobilis | 0.00% | 1 (008.%) | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% |
Neisseria sp. | 1 (008.%) | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% |
Total % of bacterial isolates | 66 (14.01%) | 54 (16.41%) | 145 (17.50%) | 115 (19.12%) | 59 (15.75%) | 57 (17.17%) |
Gram-Positive Bacterial Isolate | Pediatric (from 0 to 12) np = 282 | Adult (from 13 to 64) np = 508 | Elderly (65 or More) np = 249 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male np = 166 | Female np = 116 | Male np = 296 | Female np = 212 | Male np = 132 | Female np = 117 | |
Bacillus sp. | 1 (0.08%) | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% |
Enterococcus avium | 0.00% | 0.00% | 1 (0.08%) | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% |
Enterococcus casseliflavus | 1 (0.08%) | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 2 (0.17%) | 0.00% |
Enterococcus durans | 1 (0.08%) | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% |
Enterococcus faecalis | 4 (0.35%) | 2 (0.17%) | 10 (3.42%) | 7 (0.62%) | 7 (0.62%) | 6 (0.53%) |
Enterococcus faecium | 4 (0.35%) | 1 (0.08%) | 3 (0.26%) | 3 (0.26%) | 7 (0.62%) | 3 (0.26%) |
Enterococcus raffinosus | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 2 (0.94%) | 0.00% | 0.00% |
Staphylococcus aureus | 8 (0.71%) | 2 (0.17%) | 19 (6.51%) | 12 (1.06%) | 6 (0.53%) | 8 (0.71%) |
MRSA | 8 (0.71%) | 7 (0.62%) | 10 (0.88%) | 13 (1.15%) | 5 (0.44%) | 4 (0.35%) |
Staphylococcus capitis | 5 (0.44%) | 1 (0.86%) | 13 (1.15%) | 2 (0.17%) | 9 (0.80%) | 8 (0.71%) |
Staphylococcus caprae | 1 (0.08%) | 0.00% | 1 (0.08%) | 1 (0.08%) | 0.00% | 0.00% |
Staphylococcus cohnii | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 1 (0.08%) | 0.00% |
Staphylococcus epidermidis | 47 (4.17%) | 38 (3.37%) | 52 (4.6%) | 38 (3.37%) | 30 (2.66%) | 25 (2.22%) |
Staphylococcus haemolyticus | 0.00% | 2 (0.17%) | 13 (1.15%) | 2 (0.17%) | 8 (0.71%) | 2 (0.17%) |
Staphylococcus hominis | 18 (1.60%) | 6 (0.53%) | 17 (1.51%) | 10 (0.88%) | 8 (0.71%) | 11 (0.97%) |
Staphylococcus lentus | 1 (0.08%) | 0.00% | 1 (0.08%) | 1 (0.08%) | 1 (0.08%) | 0.00% |
Staphylococcus lugdunensis | 0.00% | 1 (0.08%) | 1 (0.08%) | 1 (0.08%) | 0.00% | 0.00% |
Staphylococcus pettenkoferi | 1 (0.08%) | 0.00% | 1 (0.08%) | 0.00% | 0.00% | 1 (0.08%) |
Staphylococcus saprophyticus | 1 (0.08%) | 0.00% | 1 (0.08%) | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% |
Staphylococcus schleiferi | 0.00% | 0.00% | 2 (0.17%) | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% |
Staphylococcus sciuri | 1 (0.08%) | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% |
Staphylococcus simulans | 0.00% | 0.00% | 1 (0.08%) | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% |
coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp. | 0.00% | 0.00% | 3 (0.26%) | 1 (0.08%) | 1 (0.08%) | 1 (0.08%) |
Staphylococcus warneri | 1 (0.08%) | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% |
Streptococcus acidominimus | 1 (0.08%) | 0.00% | 0.00% | 2 (0.17%) | 0.00% | 0.00% |
Streptococcus agalactiae | 1 (0.08%) | 1 (0.08%) | 1 (0.08%) | 2 (0.17%) | 0.00% | 0.00% |
Streptococcus anginosus | 0.00% | 0.00% | 2 (0.17%) | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% |
Streptococcus constellatus | 0.00% | 1 (0.08%) | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% |
Streptococcus milleri | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 1 (0.08%) | 0.00% |
Streptococcus mitis | 0.00% | 0.00% | 1 (0.08%) | 1 (0.08%) | 0.00% | 0.00% |
Streptococcus oralis | 1 (0.08%) | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% |
Streptococcus parasanguinis | 2 (0.17%) | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% |
Streptococcus pneumoniae | 2 (0.17%) | 0.00% | 0.00% | 3 (0.26%) | 1 (0.08%) | 1 (0.08%) |
Streptococcus pyogenes | 1 (0.08%) | 0.00% | 0.00% | 1 (0.08%) | 0.00% | 0.00% |
Streptococcus sanguis | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 1 (0.08%) | 0.00% | 0.00% |
Streptococcus viridans | 8 (0.71%) | 3 (0.26%) | 6 (0.53%) | 10 (0.88%) | 2 (0.17%) | 1 (0.08%) |
Streptococcus group C | 0.00% | 0.00% | 2 (0.17%) | 1 (0.08%) | 0.00% | 0.00% |
Corynebacterium group JK | 1 (0.08%) | 0.00% | 1 (0.08%) | 2 (0.17%) | 0.00% | 0.00% |
Gemella spp. | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 1 (0.08%) | 1 (0.08%) | 0.00% |
Lactobacillus sp. | 0.00% | 1 (0.08%) | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% |
Leuconostoc sp. | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 1 (0.08%) |
Pediococcus pentosaceus | 1 (0.08%) | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% |
Nocardia sp. | 0.00% | 0.00% | 1 (0.08%) | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% |
Total % of bacterial isolates | 120 (19.49%) | 70 (16.27%) | 163 (15.05%) | 118 (15.01%) | 86 (17.57%) | 72 (16.59%) |
Gram-Negative Bacterial Isolate | Male Patients np = 594 | Female Patients np = 445 |
---|---|---|
Achromobacter spp. | 1 (0.08%) | 1 (0.08%) |
Acinetobacter baumanni | 15 (1.33%) | 8 (0.71%) |
Acinetobacter lwoffi | 2 (0.17%) | 2 (0.17%) |
Aeromonas caviae | 3 (0.26%) | 0 |
Aeromonas hydrophila | 0 | 1 (0.08%) |
Aeromonas veronii | 0 | 1 (0.08%) |
Alcaligenes denitrificans | 0 | 1 (0.08%) |
Burkholderia cepacia | 0 | 1 (0.08%) |
Brucella spp. | 7 (0.70%) | 1 (0.08%) |
Citrobacter amalonaticus | 1 (0.08%) | 0 |
Citrobacter farmeri | 1 (0.08%) | 0 |
Citrobacter freundii | 0 | 2 (0.17%) |
Citrobacter koseri | 1 (0.08%) | 0 |
Citrobacter sp. | 0 | 1 (0.22%) |
Campylobacter spp. | 2 (0.17%) | 0 |
Eikenella corrodens | 1 (0.08%) | 0 |
Elizabethkingia meningoseptica | 2 (0.17%) | 0 |
Enterobacter cloacae | 16 (1.42%) | 18 (1.6%) |
Enterobacter gergoviae | 1 (0.08%) | 1 (0.08%) |
Escherichia coli (non-ESBL) | 33 (2.93%) | 36 (3.2%) |
Escherichia coli (ESBL) | 17 (1.51%) | 22 (1.95%) |
Escherichia vulneris | 1 (0.08%) | 0 |
Haemophilus influenzae | 1 (0.08%) | 2 (0.17%) |
Klebsiella aerogenes | 7 (0.62%) | 1 (0.08%) |
Klebsiella oxytoca | 6 (0.53%) | 2 (0.17%) |
Klebsiella ozaenae | 4 (0.35%) | 0 |
Klebsiella pneumoniae (non-ESBL) | 76 (6.75%) | 54 (4.8%) |
Klebsiella pneumoniae (ESBL) | 19 (1.68%) | 14 (1.24%) |
Kluyvera ascorbata | 1 (0.08%) | 1 (0.08%) |
Morganella morganii | 0 | 1 (0.08%) |
Pantoea agglomerans | 1 (0.08%) | 1 (0.08%) |
Proteus mirabilis (non-ESBL) | 5 (0.44%) | 3 (0.26%) |
Proteus mirabilis (ESBL) | 1 (0.08%) | 0 |
Providencia rustigianii | 1 (0.08%) | 1 (0.08%) |
Providencia stuartii | 2 (0.17%) | 1 (0.08%) |
Providencia rettgeri | 1 (0.08%) | 0 |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa | 25 (2.22%) | 29 (2.57%) |
Pseudomonas fluorescens | 1 (0.08%) | 0 |
Salmonella group D (non-typhi) | 1 (0.08%) | 0 |
Salmonella spp. (non-typhi) | 3 (0.26%) | 7 (0.62%) |
Serratia marcescens | 9 (0.80%) | 11 (0.97%) |
Serratia plymuthica | 0 | 1 (0.08%) |
Shigella flexneri | 1 (0.08%) | 0 |
Sphingomonas paucimobilis | 0 | 1 (0.08%) |
Neisseria sp. | 1 (0.08%) | 0 |
Total % of gram-negative bacteria | 270 (20.96%) | 226 (23.43%) |
Gram-Positive Bacterial Isolate | Male Patients np = 594 | Female Patients np = 445 |
---|---|---|
Bacillus sp. | 1 (0.08%) | 0 |
Enterococcus avium | 1 (0.08%) | 0 |
Enterococcus casseliflavus | 3 (0.26%) | 0 |
Enterococcus durans | 1 (0.08%) | 0 |
Enterococcus faecalis | 21 (1.86%) | 15 (1.33%) |
Enterococcus faecium | 14 (1.24%) | 7 (0.6%) |
Enterococcus raffinosus | 0 | 2 (0.45%) |
Staphylococcus aureus | 33 (2.93%) | 22 (1.95%) |
MRSA | 23 (2.04%) | 24 (2.13%) |
Staphylococcus capitis | 27 (2.40%) | 11 (0.97%) |
Staphylococcus caprae | 2 (0.17%) | 1 (0.08%) |
Staphylococcus cohnii | 1 (0.08%) | 0 |
Staphylococcus epidermidis | 124 (11.02%) | 106 (9.42%) |
Staphylococcus haemolyticus | 21 (1.86%) | 6 (0.53%) |
Staphylococcus hominis | 43 (3.8%) | 27 (2.40%) |
Staphylococcus lentus | 3 (0.26%) | 1 (0.08%) |
Staphylococcus lugdunensis | 1 (0.08%) | 2 (0.17%) |
Staphylococcus pettenkoferi | 2 (0.17%) | 1 (0.08%) |
Staphylococcus saprophyticus | 2 (0.17%) | 0 |
Staphylococcus schleiferi | 2 (0.17%) | 0 |
Staphylococcus sciuri | 1 (0.08%) | 0 |
Staphylococcus simulans | 1 (0.08%) | 0 |
coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp. | 4 (0.35%) | 2 (0.17%) |
Staphylococcus warneri | 1 (0.08%) | 0 |
Streptococcus acidominimus | 1 (0.08%) | 2 (0.17%) |
Streptococcus agalactiae | 2 (0.17%) | 3 (0.51%) |
Streptococcus anginosus | 2 (0.34%) | 0 |
Streptococcus constellatus | 0 | 1 (0.08%) |
Streptococcus milleri | 1 (0.08%) | 0 |
Streptococcus mitis | 1 (0.08%) | 1 (0.08%) |
Streptococcus oralis | 1 (0.08%) | 0 |
Streptococcus parasanguinis | 2 (0.34%) | 0 |
Streptococcus pneumoniae | 3 (0.51%) | 4 (0.35%) |
Streptococcus pyogenes | 1 (0.08%) | 1 (0.08%) |
Streptococcus sanguis | 0 | 1 (0.08%) |
Streptococcus viridans | 16 (1.42%) | 14 (1.24%) |
Streptococcus group C | 2 (0.34%) | 1 (0.08%) |
Corynebacterium group JK | 2 (0.34%) | 2 (0.34%) |
Gemella spp. | 1 (0.08%) | 1 (0.08%) |
Lactobacillus sp. | 0 | 1 (0.08%) |
Leuconostoc sp. | 0 | 1 (0.08%) |
Pediococcus pentosaceus | 1 (0.08%) | 0 |
Nocardia sp. | 1 (0.08%) | 0 |
Total % of gram-positive bacteria | 369 (28.64%) | 260 (26.96%) |
Name of Bacteria | S. epidermidis | S. hominis | S. aureus | MRSA | S. capitis | E. faecalis | S. viridans | S. haemolyticus | E. faecium | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. of isolates | 230 | 70 | 55 | 47 | 38 | 36 | 30 | 27 | 21 | |
CF | S % | 12.1 | 24.2 | 98.2 | 0 | 28.9 | 0 | NT | 25.9 | NT |
R % | 87.4 | 72.8 | 1.8 | 100 | 68.4 | 100 | NT | 74.1 | NT | |
CTX | S % | NT | NT | NT | 0 | NT | 0 | 36.67 | NT | NT |
I % | NT | NT | NT | 0 | NT | 0 | 13.33 | NT | NT | |
R % | NT | NT | NT | 100 | NT | 100 | 16.66 | NT | NT | |
CEF | S % | NT | NT | NT | 0 | NT | 0 | 33.33 | NT | NT |
I % | NT | NT | NT | 0 | NT | 0 | 13.33 | NT | NT | |
R % | NT | NT | NT | 100 | NT | 100 | 16.66 | NT | NT | |
CAZ | S % | NT | NT | NT | 0 | NT | 0 | NT | NT | NT |
I % | NT | NT | NT | 0 | NT | 0 | NT | NT | NT | |
R % | NT | NT | NT | 100 | NT | 100 | NT | NT | NT | |
CPE | S % | NT | NT | NT | 0 | NT | 0 | 40 | NT | NT |
I % | NT | NT | NT | 0 | NT | 0 | 3.33 | NT | NT | |
R % | NT | NT | NT | 100 | NT | 100 | 13.33 | NT | NT | |
AMP | S % | NT | NT | NT | 0 | NT | 97.22 | 36.66 | NT | 14.28 |
I % | NT | NT | NT | 0 | NT | 0 | 36.66 | NT | 0 | |
R % | NT | NT | NT | 100 | NT | 2.8 | 20 | NT | 85.7 | |
AM-CLAV | S % | 12.1 | 24.2 | 96.3 | 0 | 28.9 | NT | NT | 25.9 | NT |
R % | 87.4 | 71.4 | 1.8 | 100 | 6.15 | NT | NT | 74.1 | NT | |
OX | S % | 12.1 | 24.2 | 98.18 | 0 | 28.9 | NT | NT | 25.9 | NT |
R % | 87.4 | 74.2 | 1.8 | 100 | 68.4 | NT | NT | 74.1 | NT | |
PEN | S % | NT | NT | NT | 0 | NT | NT | 0.4 | NT | NT |
I % | NT | NT | NT | 0 | NT | NT | 40 | NT | NT | |
R % | NT | NT | NT | 100 | NT | NT | 16.6 | NT | NT | |
GM | S % | 0.46 | NT | NT | 2.1 | NT | 66.6 | NT | NT | 52.3 |
R % | 0.93 | NT | NT | 0 | NT | 22.2 | NT | NT | 23.8 | |
CIP | S % | 0 | 0 | 1.82 | 0 | 0 | 0 | NT | 0 | 4.76 |
I % | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2.77 | NT | 0 | 0 | |
R % | 0.93 | 1.4 | 0 | 2.1 | 5.2 | 2.8 | NT | 3.7 | 4.7 | |
ERY | S % | 13.95 | 18.57 | 67.27 | 72.34 | 23.68 | NT | NT | 22.22 | NT |
I % | 1.4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | NT | NT | 0 | NT | |
R % | 84.1 | 80 | 32.7 | 27.6 | 71.1 | NT | NT | 77.7 | NT | |
CC | S % | 46.1 | 92.85 | 89.1 | 80.85 | 55.26 | 0 | NT | 66.67 | NT |
I % | 0.93 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | NT | 3.7 | NT | |
R % | 57.2 | 7.1 | 9.1 | 19.1 | 42.1 | 1 | NT | 29.6 | NT | |
SXT | S % | 43.2 | 40 | 94.5 | 70.2 | 68.4 | NT | NT | 66.6 | NT |
R % | 56.2 | 57.1 | 5.5 | 29.7 | 26.3 | NT | NT | 33.3 | NT | |
VA | S % | 87.4 | 72.8 | 12.7 | 100 | 78.9 | 77.7 | 66.6 | 70.3 | 38.1 |
I % | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 38.1 | |
R % | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3.3 | 0 | 57.1 |
Name of Bacteria | K. pneumoniae (non-ESBL) | E. coli (non-ESBL) | P. aeruginosa | E. coli (ESBL) | E. cloacae | K. pneumoniae (ESBL) | A. baumanni | S. marcescens | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. of isolates | 130 | 69 | 54 | 39 | 34 | 33 | 23 | 20 | |
CF | S % | 1.54 | 2.9 | NT | 0 | 2.94 | 0 | NT | 0 |
I % | 41.54 | 7.25 | NT | 0 | 0 | 0 | NT | 0 | |
R % | 55.4 | 84.1 | NT | 100 | 91.2 | 100 | NT | 95 | |
CXM | S % | 69.23 | 72.46 | NT | 0 | 14.7 | 0 | NT | 0 |
I % | 1.54 | 1.45 | NT | 0 | 2.94 | 0 | NT | 0 | |
R % | 23.8 | 15.9 | NT | 100 | 76.5 | 100 | NT | 95 | |
CTX | S % | 3.85 | 14.49 | NT | 0 | 58.82 | 0 | NT | 70 |
I % | 0 | 0 | NT | 0 | 2.94 | 0 | NT | 5 | |
R % | 23.1 | 10.1 | NT | 100 | 23.5 | 100 | NT | 10 | |
CEF | S % | 3.1 | 14.49 | NT | 0 | 58.82 | 0 | NT | 75 |
I % | 0 | 0 | NT | 0 | 5.88 | 0 | NT | 5 | |
R % | 23.1 | 10.1 | NT | 100 | 23.5 | 100 | NT | 10 | |
CAZ | S % | 2.3 | 0 | 72.22 | 0 | 14.7 | 0 | 21.73 | 25 |
I % | 0 | 1.44 | 7.4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4.34 | 0 | |
R % | 23.1 | 8.7 | 20.4 | 100 | 8.8 | 100 | 73.9 | 0 | |
CPE | S % | 0.77 | 4.35 | 12.96 | 0 | 2.94 | 0 | 4.35 | 25 |
I % | 0 | 1.45 | 0 | 0 | 11.76 | 0 | 4.36 | 0 | |
R % | 23.1 | 7.2 | 18.5 | 100 | 8.8 | 100 | 73.9 | 0 | |
AMP | S % | 1.54 | 29 | 1.85 | 0 | 0 | 0 | NT | 0 |
I % | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | NT | 0 | |
R % | 96.2 | 17.01 | 0 | 100 | 94.1 | 3.03 | NT | 100 | |
AM-CLAV | S % | 73.1 | 46.38 | NT | 0 | 2.94 | 0 | NT | 0 |
I % | 0 | 7.7 | NT | 0 | 0 | 0 | NT | 0 | |
R % | 26.2 | 23.2 | NT | 100 | 91.2 | 100 | NT | 100 | |
PEN | S % | NT | NT | NT | 0 | NT | 0 | NT | NT |
R % | NT | NT | NT | 100 | NT | 100 | NT | NT | |
TZP | S % | 13.85 | 14.49 | 66.67 | 0 | 50 | 0 | 8.7 | 30 |
I % | 0 | 0 | 25.92 | 0 | 5.88 | 0 | 4.34 | 0 | |
R % | 23.8 | 8.7 | 7.41 | 2.5 | 5.8 | 6.06 | 73.9 | 0.5 | |
GM | S % | 86.92 | 89.86 | 94.44 | 51.28 | 94.11 | 70 | 39.13 | 100 |
I % | 0 | 1.45 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4.35 | 0 | |
R % | 12.3 | 7.2 | 5.56 | 25.6 | 5.8 | 30.3 | 56.5 | 0 | |
AN | S % | 10 | 7.25 | 11.11 | 33.33 | 17.65 | 30.3 | 17.4 | 15 |
I % | 0 | 0 | 3.7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
R % | 17.6 | 1.4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3.03 | 39.1 | 0 | |
CIP | S % | 3.85 | 5.8 | 16.67 | 5.13 | 5.88 | 3.03 | 17.4 | 25 |
I % | 1.54 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3.03 | 0 | 0 | |
R % | 20.7 | 11.5 | 9.26 | 43.5 | 8.8 | 12.12 | 69.5 | 0 | |
LEVO | S % | 2.31 | 4.35 | 9.26 | 5.13 | 5.88 | 6.06 | 17.4 | 15 |
I % | 0.7 | 0 | 3.7 | 5.13 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
R % | 20.7 | 8.7 | 11.11 | 41.03 | 8.8 | 9.09 | 69.5 | 0 | |
IMP | S % | 1.54 | 5.8 | 7.41 | 100 | 17.65 | 100 | 17.4 | 15 |
I % | 0 | 0 | 5.56 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
R % | 20.7 | 2.9 | 27.78 | 0 | 2.9 | 0 | 69.5 | 10 | |
MER | S % | 4.62 | 7.25 | 9.26 | 100 | 20.56 | 100 | 17.39 | 0.05 |
I % | 0 | 1.45 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
R % | 20 | 1.4 | 27.7 | 0 | 2.9 | 0 | 69.5 | 10 | |
ERT | S % | 0.77 | 5.8 | NT | 100 | 14.7 | 100 | NT | 0 |
R % | 19.2 | 2.9 | NT | 0 | 2.9 | 0 | NT | 100 | |
AZT | S % | 0 | 1.45 | 0 | NT | 0 | NT | NT | 10 |
I % | 0 | 0 | 3.7 | NT | 0 | NT | NT | 0 | |
R % | 18.46 | 4.3 | 5.56 | NT | 2.9 | NT | NT | 5 | |
CL | S % | NT | 0 | 14.81 | NT | NT | NT | 21.74 | NT |
I % | NT | 1.45 | 0 | NT | NT | NT | 0 | NT | |
R % | NT | 0 | 0 | NT | NT | NT | 39.1 | NT | |
SXT | S % | 2.31 | 10.14 | NT | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4.35 | 25 |
I % | 0 | 0 | NT | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
R % | 21.54 | 2.9 | NT | 2.5 | 2.9 | 3.03 | 0 | 0 |
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Banawas, S.S.; Alobaidi, A.S.; Dawoud, T.M.; AlDehaimi, A.; Alsubaie, F.M.; Abdel-Hadi, A.; Manikandan, P. Prevalence of Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria in Healthcare-Associated Bloodstream Infections at Hospitals in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Pathogens 2023, 12, 1075. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12091075
Banawas SS, Alobaidi AS, Dawoud TM, AlDehaimi A, Alsubaie FM, Abdel-Hadi A, Manikandan P. Prevalence of Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria in Healthcare-Associated Bloodstream Infections at Hospitals in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Pathogens. 2023; 12(9):1075. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12091075
Chicago/Turabian StyleBanawas, Saeed S., Ahmed S. Alobaidi, Turki M. Dawoud, Abdullah AlDehaimi, Faisal M. Alsubaie, Ahmed Abdel-Hadi, and Palanisamy Manikandan. 2023. "Prevalence of Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria in Healthcare-Associated Bloodstream Infections at Hospitals in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia" Pathogens 12, no. 9: 1075. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12091075