Screening for Influenza and Morbillivirus in Seals and Porpoises in the Baltic and North Sea
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sampling
2.2. Virus Screening
3. Results & Discussion
3.1. Viral Pathogens Only Detected in Samples Collected during Known UMEs
3.2. Morbillivirus in North European Marine Mammals
3.3. Influenza (IAV) in North European Marine Mammals
3.4. Implications and Considerations for Future Screening Efforts
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Grey Seal | |||||
Area | 2002–2003 | 2006–2008 | 2010–2012 | 2013–2015 | 2017–2019 |
Skagerrak/Kattegat/the Sound/Danish straits/ | 1 | 3 | 3 | ||
Arkona Basin | 1 | 2 | 5 | ||
Bornholm Basin | 1 | 5 | 8 | ||
Baltic proper | 3 | 5 | 27 | ||
Bothnian Sea | 5 | 9 | 34 | ||
Bothnian Bay | 2 | 5 | 2 | ||
North Sea | 1 | 6 | |||
Harbour seal | |||||
Area | 2002–2003 | 2006–2008 | 2010–2012 | 2013–2015 | 2017–2019 |
Skagerrak/Kattegat/the Sound/Danish straits/ | 3 | 14 | 5 | 9 | 32 |
Arkona Basin | 4 | 1 | |||
Bornholm Basin | 1 | ||||
Baltic proper | 2 | 1 | 2 | ||
Bothnian Sea | |||||
Bothnian Bay | |||||
North Sea | 2 | 19 | |||
The Limfjord | 4 | ||||
Ringed seal | |||||
Area | 2002–2003 | 2006–2008 | 2010–2012 | 2013–2015 | 2017–2019 |
Skagerrak/Kattegat/the Sound/Danish straits/ | 1 | ||||
Arkona Basin | |||||
Bornholm Basin | 1 | ||||
Baltic proper | 2 | 1 | 3 | 1 | |
Bothnian Sea | 5 | 8 | 7 | 3 | |
Bothnian Bay | 1 | 5 | 10 | 25 | |
Harbour porpoise | |||||
Area | 2002–2003 | 2006–2008 | 2010–2012 | 2013–2015 | 2017–2019 |
Skagerrak/Kattegat/the Sound/Danish straits/ | 2 | 24 | 1 | 46 | |
Arkona Basin | |||||
Bornholm Basin | 1 | ||||
Baltic proper | |||||
Bothnian Sea | |||||
Bothnian Bay | |||||
North Sea | 1 | 3 |
Harbour Seal | |||||||||
Year | Pups/calfs | Juveniles | Adults | NA | Total | IAV | PDV | IAV % | PDV % |
2002 | - | 1 | 1 | - | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 50 |
2014 | 1 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 15 | 2 | 0 | 13 | 0 |
2002–2019 | 14 | 34 | 34 | 17 | 99 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 |
Grey seal | |||||||||
Year | Pups/calfs | Juveniles | Adults | NA | Total | IAV | PDV | IAV % | PDV % |
2002–2019 | 12 | 35 | 51 | 28 | 126 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Ringed seal | |||||||||
Year | Pups/calfs | Juveniles | Adults | NA | Total | IAV | PDV | IAV % | PDV % |
2002–2019 | 21 | 8 | 20 | 24 | 73 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Harbour porpoise | |||||||||
Year | Pups/calfs | Juveniles | Adults | NA | Total | IAV | PDV | IAV % | PDV % |
2007–2019 | 9 | 32 | 11 | 26 | 78 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
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Share and Cite
Stokholm, I.; Baechlein, C.; Persson, S.; Roos, A.; Galatius, A.; Kyhn, L.A.; Sveegaard, S.; Thøstesen, C.B.; Olsen, M.T.; Becher, P.; et al. Screening for Influenza and Morbillivirus in Seals and Porpoises in the Baltic and North Sea. Pathogens 2023, 12, 357. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12030357
Stokholm I, Baechlein C, Persson S, Roos A, Galatius A, Kyhn LA, Sveegaard S, Thøstesen CB, Olsen MT, Becher P, et al. Screening for Influenza and Morbillivirus in Seals and Porpoises in the Baltic and North Sea. Pathogens. 2023; 12(3):357. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12030357
Chicago/Turabian StyleStokholm, Iben, Christine Baechlein, Sara Persson, Anna Roos, Anders Galatius, Line Anker Kyhn, Signe Sveegaard, Charlotte Bie Thøstesen, Morten Tange Olsen, Paul Becher, and et al. 2023. "Screening for Influenza and Morbillivirus in Seals and Porpoises in the Baltic and North Sea" Pathogens 12, no. 3: 357. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12030357