Antimicrobial Resistance and Virulence Factors Assessment in Escherichia coli Isolated from Swine in Italy from 2017 to 2021
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Detection of Virulence Factors Genes
2.2. Antimicrobial Susceptibility
2.2.1. AMR Results and Comparison between Virulence-Positive and Negative Isolates
2.2.2. Trend in AMR from 2017 to 2021
2.2.3. Multi-Resistant Isolates
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Study Design
4.2. Isolation of Escherichia Coli
4.3. Virulence Genes Characterization
4.4. Antimicrobial Susceptibility Test
4.5. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Virotype | Disease | |
---|---|---|
Adhesins | Toxins | |
F5, F6, F41 | STa | ND |
F4 | STa, STb, LT, EAST-1, α-hemolysin | ND |
F4, AIDA | STa, STb, LT, EAST-1, α-hemolysin | PWD |
F18, AIDA | STa, STb, LT, Stx (VT) EAST-1, α-hemolysin | PWD |
Antibiotics | Overall Isolates | Isolates Positive for Virulence Genes | Isolates Negative for Virulence Genes | ETEC F4+ | ETEC F18+ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
N° (%) | N° (%) | N° (%) | N° (%) | N° (%) | |
NA | 598 (72.4) | 497 (74.1) | 101 (65.2) | 113 (78.5) | 178 (77.4) |
AMC | 534 (64.8) | 416 (62) * | 119 (76.8) * | 87 (60.4) | 137 (59.6) |
AMP | 791 (95.9) | 639 (95.2) | 153 (98.7) | 137 (95.1) | 219 (95.2) |
CZ | 654 (79.3) | 519 (77.3) * | 136 (87.7) * | 116 (80.6) | 177 (77) |
ENR | 471 (57.1) | 386 (57.5) | 86 (55.5) | 92 (63.9) | 120 (52.2) |
FFC | 527 (63.9) | 443 (66) | 85 (54.8) | 89 (61.8) * | 187 (81.3) * |
GEN | 506 (61.4) | 431 (64.2) * | 76 (49) * | 82 (56.9) * | 184 (80) * |
KAN | 489 (59.3) | 406 (60.5) | 84 (54.2) | 78 (54.2) * | 156 (67.8) * |
TET | 740 (89.7) | 601 (89.6) | 140 (90.3) | 123 (85.4) | 216 (93.9) |
SXT | 617 (74.8) | 506 (75.4) | 112 (72.3) | 88 (61.1) * | 195 (84.8) * |
Total isolates | 826 | 671 | 155 | 144 | 230 |
% of Resistances in the Overall Strains | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year of Isolation | Statistical Analysis | |||||||
n° antibiotics | Total | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | r | p |
0 | 0.5 | 0.9 | 0 | 0.5 | 0.8 | 0 | - | - |
1 | 1.5 | 2.8 | 2.4 | 0.9 | 1.2 | 0.8 | −0.90 | <0.05 * |
2 | 2.9 | 2.8 | 3.2 | 2.8 | 3.9 | 0.8 | −0.45 | >0.05 |
3 | 3.8 | 2.8 | 4.8 | 2.8 | 3.5 | 5.8 | 0.56 | >0.05 |
4 | 6.3 | 6.5 | 6.4 | 4.6 | 7.8 | 5.8 | −0.00 | >0.05 |
5 | 8.6 | 8.4 | 6.4 | 7.8 | 8.9 | 11.7 | 0.74 | >0.05 |
6 | 10.2 | 13.1 | 8.8 | 12.4 | 8.2 | 9.2 | −0.59 | >0.05 |
7 | 13.8 | 12.1 | 12.8 | 17.1 | 13.2 | 11.7 | −0.04 | >0.05 |
8 | 16.8 | 15 | 20.8 | 19.8 | 14.4 | 14.2 | −0.39 | >0.05 |
9 | 17.4 | 14 | 20 | 15.7 | 20.2 | 15 | 0.12 | >0.05 |
10 | 18.3 | 21.5 | 14.4 | 15.7 | 17.9 | 25 | 0.38 | >0.05 |
>6 | 76.5 | 75.7 | 76.8 | 80.6 | 73.9 | 75 | 0.38 | >0.05 |
N° tested isolates | 826 | 107 | 125 | 217 | 257 | 120 | ||
% of Resistances of F18+ Strains | ||||||||
Year of Isolation | Statistical Analysis | |||||||
n° antibiotics | Total | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | r | p |
0 | 1.3 | 5 | 0 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 0 | - | - |
1 | 0.9 | 0 | 2.9 | 0 | 1.3 | 0 | −0.20 | >0.05 |
2 | 1.7 | 0 | 0 | 1.3 | 3.9 | 0 | 0.36 | >0.05 |
3 | 0.4 | 0 | 0 | 1.3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | >0.05 |
4 | 3 | 5 | 5.9 | 1.3 | 2.6 | 4.2 | −0.42 | >0.05 |
5 | 6.5 | 10 | 0 | 10.5 | 3.9 | 8.3 | 0.02 | >0.05 |
6 | 10 | 20 | 5.9 | 11.8 | 10.5 | 0 | −0.75 | >0.05 |
7 | 13.5 | 5 | 8.8 | 17.1 | 15.8 | 8.3 | 0.41 | >0.05 |
8 | 20.4 | 25 | 41.2 | 17.1 | 13.2 | 20.8 | −0.53 | >0.05 |
9 | 20.9 | 20 | 23.5 | 18.4 | 25 | 12.5 | −0.44 | >0.05 |
10 | 21.3 | 10 | 11.8 | 19.7 | 22.4 | 45.8 | 0.91 | <0.05 * |
>6 | 86.1 | 80 | 91.2 | 84.2 | 86.8 | 87.5 | 0.41 | >0.05 |
N° tested isolates | 230 | 20 | 34 | 76 | 76 | 24 |
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Bassi, P.; Bosco, C.; Bonilauri, P.; Luppi, A.; Fontana, M.C.; Fiorentini, L.; Rugna, G. Antimicrobial Resistance and Virulence Factors Assessment in Escherichia coli Isolated from Swine in Italy from 2017 to 2021. Pathogens 2023, 12, 112. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12010112
Bassi P, Bosco C, Bonilauri P, Luppi A, Fontana MC, Fiorentini L, Rugna G. Antimicrobial Resistance and Virulence Factors Assessment in Escherichia coli Isolated from Swine in Italy from 2017 to 2021. Pathogens. 2023; 12(1):112. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12010112
Chicago/Turabian StyleBassi, Patrizia, Claudia Bosco, Paolo Bonilauri, Andrea Luppi, Maria Cristina Fontana, Laura Fiorentini, and Gianluca Rugna. 2023. "Antimicrobial Resistance and Virulence Factors Assessment in Escherichia coli Isolated from Swine in Italy from 2017 to 2021" Pathogens 12, no. 1: 112. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12010112