RETRACTED: A Review on Building Design as a Biomedical System for Preventing COVID-19 Pandemic
Abstract
:Table of Contents
1. | Introduction | 2 |
2. | Hospital Architecture Evolution Overview | 5 |
3. | Infection Transmission Methods | 7 |
3.1. Droplet and Airborne Transmission | 7 | |
3.2. Waterborne Transmissions | 7 | |
3.3. Surface or Contract Transmission | 8 | |
4. | COVID-19 Transmission and the Built Environment | 8 |
5. | Suitable Design Methods for Infection Prevention and Control | 10 |
5.1. Designs of Social Distancing and Improving Natural Ventilation | 10 | |
5.2. Design to Improve Daylight or Ventilation | 14 | |
5.3. Designs with Adaptive Construction Methods and Finishing Materials | 15 | |
5.4. Flexible Designs with Sustainability Characteristics | 17 | |
5.5. Urban Design and Transportation | 17 | |
6. | Controls, Mitigations, and Health Care Setting Special consideration | 19 |
7. | Architectural and Design Engineering for the Controls in Post-Pandemic | 20 |
7.1. Future Human-Centered Design | 21 | |
7.2. In Post-COVID-19 Architectural Design: An Auxiliary Decision-Making Strategy | 22 | |
8. | Proposed Roles by Real Estate to Mitigate Transmission of COVID-19 | 22 |
8.1. Purification of Indoor Air and Accentuation of Ventilation of Buildings | 22 | |
8.2. Airborne Dissemination | 23 | |
8.3. Preserving Optimal Humidity and Emphasizing Cleaning Protocols | 23 | |
9. | Conclusions | 24 |
1. Introduction
2. Hospital Architecture Evolution Overview
3. Infection Transmission Methods
3.1. Droplet and Airborne Transmission
3.2. Waterborne Transmissions
3.3. Surface or Contract Transmission
4. COVID-19 Transmission and the Built Environment
5. Suitable Design Methods for Infection Prevention and Control
5.1. Designs for Social Distancing and Improving Natural Ventilation
Category | Method | Explanation | Advantages and Disadvantages | Refs. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Dilution | Natural, Mechanical, and mixed | It is the simplest way to remove air pollutants and infections. It removes particles through ventilation, in addition to ventilation solutions contributing to improving IAQ, saving energy. | It has to do with air distribution patterns, the placement of the ventilation inflow and outflow, the physical layout of the space, and the thermal comfort of the residents, among other things. | [75,76] |
Pressurization | Positive and Negative | Differential pressurization is the process of creating directional airflow between adjacent places by measuring differences in air pressure. | To reap the benefits, it necessitates meticulous calculations and simulations, as well as close monitoring. It can be used on its own or in combination with other methods. | [75] |
Filtration | Mechanical filtration | HEPA filters are used in specific areas or as antimicrobial agent filters, commonly used in ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems to improve air quality. | It necessitates proper setup, upkeep, and monitoring. The coronavirus is tiny enough to pass past most filters due to its small size. HEPA filters, on the other hand, collect larger particulates that contain it. | [75,77] |
Biofiltration technology | A plant-based technology that filters the air by absorbing CO2, SO2, and NO2. The most typical applications are the green wall and algal structure. | More research needs to be conducted, particularly on the maintenance and infrastructure requirements. | [78,79] | |
Nano-technology | Photocatalytic oxidation (PCO) | Nanomaterial-based coatings for antibacterial applications have been presented in recent studies. TiO2 is the most frequent photocatalyst. | Still being researched is how to evade nanoparticles having a negative impact on human health and the environment. | [80,81] |
Silver nanoparticles | The viability of pathogens is controlled using silver nanoparticles in this method. | It is a practical method, but it still needs more research to see whether it has any negative health impacts. | [82] | |
Purification | Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI) Technology | This method is based on UVGI’s capacity to destroy pathogen RNA/DNA and render them harmless. | It is still being developed in order to avoid negative health impacts on human skin and eyes. | [83,84] |
Bipolar Ionization | High-voltage electrodes in the air create reactive ions that react with airborne pollutants, including viruses, and are integrated into HVAC. | Although it improves the filtering system, it has the potential to release ozone, and more scientific research is needed. | [77,85] |
5.2. Design to Improve Daylight or Ventilation
5.3. Designs with Adaptive Construction Methods and Finishing Materials
- −
- Architects should use plated or copper-infused materials for regularly touched surfaces, such as bed rails, balcony rails, and staircase handrails.
- −
- The architects should design and place sinks to inhibit waste spillages in sensitive care places and to improve cleaning ease.
- −
- Plaster with de-coagulant mixtures with high smoothness and solidity or cement screed should be used. After plastering by cement mortar to eliminate tiny void and improve smoothness on the wall surfaces, architects should use POP screeds or cover materials such as special paints. The use of fine sand with textured paints should not be encouraged.
- −
- Entry curtains and doors to public spaces and hospitals with high traffic should be fitted with sensors to improve automatic closing and opening. This will greatly minimize contacts with the doorknobs and therefore prevent transmissions.
- −
- Several entries into public areas need to be reduced to enable successful monitoring in compliance with CDC guidelines. Moreover, sinks with motion sensors should be integrated to eradicate particular transmission possibilities.
- −
- Controls and equipment need to have small numbers of flat surfaces on which elements can settle, with few crannies and crevices in which debris can accumulate; minimizing the number of horizontal surfaces such as ledges can assist in decreasing the infection spread.
5.4. Flexible Designs with Sustainability Characteristics
5.5. Urban Design and Transportation
6. Controls, Mitigations, and Health Care Setting Special Consideration
7. Architectural and Design Engineering for the Controls in Post-Pandemic
7.1. Future Human-Centered Design
7.2. In Post-COVID-19 Architectural Design: An Auxiliary Decision-Making Strategy
8. Proposed Roles by Real Estate to Mitigate Transmission of COVID-19
8.1. Purification of Indoor Air and Accentuating Ventilation of Buildings
8.2. Airborne Dissemination
8.3. Preserving Optimal Humidity and Emphasizing Cleaning Protocols
9. Conclusions
- −
- Expand the literature review to include additional factors and new elements to support the comprehensiveness of the building design framework.
- −
- Extend the literature to include all data on different types of buildings and ventilation systems.
- −
- Future studies may focus on developing design principles using simulation models to reach more accurate results.
- −
- Study the different ventilation and air conditioning systems and their ability to reduce the spread of transmitted epidemics.
- −
- Focus on the most efficient and sustainable health engineering design systems for buildings and facilities.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Amran, M.; Makul, N.; Fediuk, R.; Borovkov, A.; Ali, M.; Zeyad, A.M. RETRACTED: A Review on Building Design as a Biomedical System for Preventing COVID-19 Pandemic. Buildings 2022, 12, 582. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12050582
Amran M, Makul N, Fediuk R, Borovkov A, Ali M, Zeyad AM. RETRACTED: A Review on Building Design as a Biomedical System for Preventing COVID-19 Pandemic. Buildings. 2022; 12(5):582. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12050582
Chicago/Turabian StyleAmran, Mugahed, Natt Makul, Roman Fediuk, Aleksey Borovkov, Mujahid Ali, and Abdullah M. Zeyad. 2022. "RETRACTED: A Review on Building Design as a Biomedical System for Preventing COVID-19 Pandemic" Buildings 12, no. 5: 582. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12050582