Analyzing the Time-Varying Thermal Perception of Students in Classrooms and Its Influencing Factors from a Case Study in Xi’an, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Literature Review
1.2. Research Objectives
- Clarifying the changes in the indoor thermal environment of university classrooms and the thermal perception of students in different classes over the course of a day during the heating period;
- Exploring the differences in the factors affecting the thermal perception of students in different classes over the course of a day;
- Analyzing the differences in students’ adaptive behaviors to maintain a comfortable thermal state in different classes over the course of a day.
2. Methods
2.1. Location and Climate
2.2. Classroom Information
2.3. Physical Measurement
2.4. Questionnaire Survey
2.5. Data Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Demographic Condition
3.2. Thermal Environment Condition
3.2.1. Outdoor Thermal Environment
3.2.2. Indoor Thermal Environment
3.3. Student Thermal Perception Development
3.3.1. Thermal Sensation Votes
3.3.2. Thermal Preference Votes
3.3.3. Thermal Comfort Votes
3.4. Factors Influencing Thermal Perception
3.4.1. Outdoor Temperature and Indoor Operating Temperature
3.4.2. The Gender Influence
3.4.3. Food Consumption
3.4.4. Preclass Activities
3.5. Adaptive Behaviors
3.6. Energy-Saving Potential
3.7. Comparison with Previous Study
4. Conclusions
- The TSV value at the start of the class was significantly higher than that in the middle period of the class (the students’ thermal sensation gradually changed from slightly warm to neutral). The TSV and TPV values in the morning class were significantly lower than those in the afternoon class. The comfort level of the students decreased slightly as the class progressed. Moreover, the comfort level of the students in a warm environment was higher than that in a cool environment.
- At the start of the first class in the morning and afternoon, the thermal sensation of the students had the highest sensitivity to outdoor temperature changes. As the class progressed, the correlation between TSV and Top gradually became apparent. During periods A2, C2, and D2, the students’ thermal neutral temperatures were 18.7, 19.2, and 18.1 °C, respectively.
- At the start of the first class in the morning, food consumption had the greatest impact on the students’ thermal preference. At the start of the first class in the morning and afternoon, the students whose preclass activity status was resting had a lower level of comfort than those whose activity status was sports. This phenomenon was not observed in other periods.
- The frequency of adjusting clothes in the afternoon was greater than that in the morning. At the start of each class of the day, TSV did not significantly correlate with clothing value. In the morning class, TSV did not differ significantly between the students who did and did not adjust their clothing. However, in the afternoon class, the behavior of adjusting clothes significantly affected the students’ thermal sensation.
- Compared with the current classroom heating strategy, the heating strategy of dynamically adjusting the indoor set temperature according to the time-varying characteristics of the students can theoretically achieve energy savings of 25.6%.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameters | Equipment | Model | Range | Accuracy |
---|---|---|---|---|
Air temperature and relative humidity | Temperature and humidity sensor | TR-72ui | Ta: −20–60 °C; RH: 0–95% | Ta: ±0.5 °C; RH: ±3% |
Air velocity | Anemometer | ZRQF-F30 | 0.05–60 m/s | ±(0.04 U ± 0.05) |
Globe temperature | Black-ball thermometer | TR102S | −100–400 °C | ±0.3 °C |
CO2 concentration | CO2 analyzer | TES-1370 | 0–2000 ppm | ±1 ppm |
Scale | TSV | TPV | TCV |
---|---|---|---|
3 | Hot | Very uncomfortable | |
2 | Warm | Much Cooler | Uncomfortable |
1 | Slightly warm | Slightly Cooler | Slightly uncomfortable |
0 | Neutral | No change | Comfortable |
−1 | Slightly cool | Slightly warmer | |
−2 | Cool | Much warmer | |
−3 | Cold |
Sample | Male | Female | Age (Year) | Weight (kg) | Height (m) | BMI (kg/m2) | Clothing Insulation (clo) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male | Female | ||||||||
Period A | 156 | 112 | 44 | 19 (0.89) | 63.02 (12.04) | 1.73 (0.07) | 21.05 (3.33) | 1.40 (0.14) | 1.53 (0.15) |
Period B | 81 | 33 | 48 | 19 (0.56) | 58.60 (11.60) | 1.70 (0.09) | 20.10 (2.48) | 1.47 (0.12) | 1.49 (0.12) |
Period C | 174 | 99 | 75 | 19 (0.75) | 61.35 (11.92) | 1.71 (0.09) | 20.99 (3.27) | 1.38 (0.14) | 1.46 (0.16) |
Period D | 167 | 79 | 88 | 19 (0.81) | 60.55 (10.89) | 1.70 (0.09) | 20.84 (2.87) | 1.39 (0.13) | 1.48 (0.15) |
Tout (°C) | RHout (%) | Ta (°C) | Tg (°C) | Top (°C) | ∆T (°C) | RH (%) | CO2 (ppm) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Day 1 | Period A | 10.3 (1.1) | 70.7 (5.6) | 17.7 (1.3) | 18.8 (0.9) | 18.7 (0.9) | 8.4 | 38.9 (1.8) | 778 (142) |
Period B | 12.0 (0.8) | 62.9 (2.5) | 20.5 (0.3) | 20.4 (0.2) | 20.4 (0.2) | 8.4 | 34.9 (0.7) | 736 (87) | |
Period C | 15.0 (0.5) | 53.4 (1.3) | 21.0 (0.3) | 21.4 (0.2) | 21.4 (0.5) | 6.0 | 35.6 (0.7) | 880 (87) | |
Period D | 13.7 (0.6) | 58.0 (2.7) | 21.7 (0.2) | 21.7 (0.5) | 21.7 (0.5) | 8.0 | 35.8 (1.8) | 947 (246) | |
Day 2 | Period A | 2.2 (0.4) | 78.6 (1.4) | 18.9 (0.7) | 19.8 (0.2) | 19.8 (0.2) | 17.6 | 33.9 (1.5) | 738 (68) |
Period B | 3.5 (0.2) | 70.0 (3.1) | 19.6 (0.3) | 19.9 (0.4) | 19.9 (0.4) | 16.4 | 31.6 (0.5) | 697 (73) | |
Period C | 5.3 (0.7) | 60.9 (1.7) | 20.1 (0.3) | 20.8 (0.4) | 20.8 (1.3) | 15.5 | 34.5 (0.5) | 944 (73) | |
Period D | 4.9 (0.5) | 63.3 (1.5) | 20.9 (0.2) | 20.6 (0.2) | 20.7 (0.2) | 15.8 | 32.2 (0.3) | 725 (52) | |
Day 3 | Period A | 0.4 (0.3) | 80.5 (1.7) | 17.3 (0.8) | 17.8 (0.5) | 17.7 (0.5) | 17.3 | 33.2 (1.2) | 661 (54) |
Period B | 1.4 (0.5) | 72.5 (2.3) | 19.7 (0.2) | 19.8 (0.5) | 19.8 (0.4) | 18.4 | 28.3 (2.5) | 643 (34) | |
Period C | 2.2 (0.2) | 67.5 (1.1) | 19.4 (0.2) | 20.0 (0.5) | 20.0 (0.4) | 17.8 | 27.4 (2.5) | 596 (34) | |
Period D | 2.0 (0.1) | 69.7 (0.8) | 19.2 (0.3) | 19.6 (0.2) | 19.6 (0.2) | 17.6 | 26.5 (0.6) | 717 (55) | |
Day 4 | Period A | −1.1 (0.4) | 64.2 (1.5) | 22.3 (0.1) | 23.6 (0.2) | 23.6 (0.2) | 24.7 | 34.4 (1.0) | 543 (60) |
Period B | 1.4 (1.1) | 56.6 (4.4) | 20.8 (2.0) | 21.9 (2.2) | 21.9 (2.2) | 20.5 | 32.7 (1.3) | 693 (150) | |
Period C | 3.8 (0.7) | 44.5 (2.0) | 21.2 (2.0) | 22.3 (2.2) | 22.3 (0.5) | 18.5 | 30.4 (1.3) | 723 (150) | |
Period D | 3.9 (0.4) | 44.4 (1.6) | 20.4 (0.4) | 21.4 (0.5) | 21.4 (0.5) | 17.5 | 25.9 (1.0) | 978 (56) |
p | p | ||
---|---|---|---|
TSVA1 vs. TSVA2 | 0.001 | TSVB1 vs. TSVD1 | 0.158 |
TSVB1 vs. TSVB2 | 0.047 | TSVC1 vs. TSVD1 | 0.174 |
TSVC1 vs. TSVC2 | 0.170 | TSVA2 vs. TSVB2 | 0.555 |
TSVD1 vs. TSVD2 | 0.041 | TSVA2 vs. TSVC2 | <0.001 |
TSVA1 vs. TSVB1 | 0.965 | TSVA2 vs. TSVD2 | 0.002 |
TSVA1 vs. TSVC1 | 0.001 | TSVB2 vs. TSVC2 | <0.001 |
TSVA1 vs. TSVD1 | 0.032 | TSVB2 vs. TSVD2 | 0.020 |
TSVB1 vs. TSVC1 | 0.018 | TSVC2 vs. TSVD2 | 0.261 |
Day 1 | Day 2 | Day 3 | Day 4 | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TSV | TPV | TCV | TSV | TPV | TCV | TSV | TPV | TCV | TSV | TPV | TCV | |
Period A1 | 0.75 (0.75) | −0.46 (0.64) | 0.20 (0.40) | 0.48 (0.93) | 0.03 (0.52) | 0.12 (0.33) | 0.47 (0.96) | −0.15 (0.68) | 0.22 (0.41) | 0.62 (0.93) | −0.25 (0.43) | 0.22 (0.48) |
Period A2 | −0.38 (1.22) | −0.65 (0.83) | 0.31 (0.62) | 0.33 (1.21) | 0.04 (0.68) | 0.29 (0.45) | 0.30 (1.01) | −0.18 (0.66) | 0.36 (0.55) | 0.33 (0.57) | −0.22 (0.53) | 0.22 (0.42) |
Period B1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.70 (1.15) | −0.21 (0.66) | 0.15 (0.41) | 0.45 (0.93) | 0.10 (0.66) | 0.24 (0.43) |
Period B2 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.08 (0.79) | −0.33 (0.61) | 0.18 (0.44) | 0.11 (0.60) | −0.13 (0.50) | 0.20 (0.54) |
Period C1 | 1.13 (0.92) | 0.02 (0.61) | 0.26 (0.48) | 0.95 (1.17) | 0.08 (0.79) | 0.20 (0.40) | 0.87 (1.01) | 0.09 (0.75) | 0.35 (0.63) | 0.94 (1.11) | 0.19 (0.59) | 0.39 (0.55) |
Period C2 | 0.49 (0.71) | 0.15 (0.62) | 0.32 (0.59) | 0.90 (0.80) | 0.00 (0.45) | 0.34 (0.54) | 0.45 (0.98) | −0.07 (0.74) | 0.31 (0.60) | 1.09 (1.10) | 0.30 (0.69) | 0.35 (0.63) |
Period D1 | 0.75 (0.89) | −0.13 (0.77) | 0.37 (0.62) | 0.71 (0.97) | −0.02 (0.52) | 0.29 (0.51) | 0.62 (1.07) | −0.11 (0.80) | 0.54 (0.83) | 0.81 (0.97) | 0.36 (0.64) | 0.22 (0.71) |
Period D2 | 0.42 (1.04) | −0.03 (0.65) | 0.58 (0.75) | 0.52 (0.90) | −0.12 (0.43) | 0.24 (0.51) | 0.64 (1.04) | 0.21 (0.77) | 0.57 (0.90) | 0.67 (0.82) | 0.00 (0.67) | 0.36 (0.42) |
p | p | ||
---|---|---|---|
TPVA1 vs. TPVA2 | 0.157 | TPVB1 vs. TPVD1 | 0.448 |
TPVB1 vs. TPVB2 | 0.164 | TPVC1 vs. TPVD1 | 0.106 |
TPVC1 vs. TPVC2 | 0.899 | TPVA2 vs. TPVB2 | 0.435 |
TPVD1 vs. TPVD2 | 0.785 | TPVA2 vs. TPVC2 | <0.001 |
TPVA1 vs. TPVB1 | 0.163 | TPVA2 vs. TPVD2 | 0.002 |
TPVA1 vs. TPVC1 | <0.001 | TPVB2 vs. TPVC2 | 0.001 |
TPVA1 vs. TPVD1 | 0.012 | TPVB2 vs. TPVD2 | 0.024 |
TPVB1 vs. TPVC1 | 0.025 | TPVC2 vs. TPVD2 | 0.329 |
p | p | ||
---|---|---|---|
TCVA1 vs. TCVA2 | 0.083 | TCVB1 vs. TCVD1 | 0.023 |
TCVB1 vs. TCVB2 | 0.723 | TCVC1 vs. TCVD1 | 0.324 |
TCVC1 vs. TCVC2 | 0.761 | TCVA2 vs. TCVB2 | 0.084 |
TCVD1 vs. TCVD2 | 0.724 | TCVA2 vs. TCVC2 | 0.886 |
TCVA1 vs. TCVB1 | 0.823 | TCVA2 vs. TCVD2 | 0.336 |
TCVA1 vs. TCVC1 | 0.080 | TCVB2 vs. TCVC2 | 0.064 |
TCVA1 vs. TCVD1 | 0.009 | TCVB2 vs. TCVD2 | 0.023 |
TCVB1 vs. TCVC1 | 0.107 | TCVC2 vs. TCVD2 | 0.389 |
Period A1 | Period A2 | Period B1 | Period B2 | Period C1 | Period C2 | Period D1 | Period D2 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Outdoor temperature vs. TSV | r = 0.964 | r = −0.854 | - | - | r = 0.975 | r = −0.399 | r = 0.951 | r = −0.880 |
p = 0.036 | p = 0.146 | - | - | p = 0.025 | p = 0.601 | p = 0.049 | p = 0.120 | |
Operating temperature vs. TSV | r = −0.463 | r = 0.891 | - | - | r = 0.156 | r = 0.909 | r = 0.628 | r = −0.988 |
p = 0.537 | p = 0.109 | - | - | p = 0.844 | p = 0.041 | p = 0.372 | p = 0.012 |
Period A1 (%) | Period B1 (%) | Period C1 (%) | Period D1 (%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Food consumption | ||||
Hot | 66.67 | 38.27 | 67.82 | 36.75 |
Cold | 4.49 | 11.11 | 32.18 | 7.23 |
Hot and cold | 5.77 | 0 | 0 | 2.41 |
Nothing | 23.08 | 50.62 | 0 | 53.61 |
There is a class | ||||
Yes | - | 75.64 | - | 78.92 |
No | - | 24.36 | - | 21.08 |
Active status | ||||
Resting | 24.18 | 2.47 | 38.51 | 3.60 |
Working | 49.67 | 90.12 | 39.08 | 89.82 |
Sporting | 26.14 | 7.41 | 22.41 | 6.59 |
Period A1 | Period A2 | Period B1 | Period B2 | Period C1 | Period C2 | Period D1 | Period D2 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hot/cold/nothing | p = 0.12 | p = 0.64 | p = 0.24 | p = 0.88 | p = 0.39 | p = 0.91 | p = 0.73 | p = 0.91 |
Something/nothing | p = 0.48 | p = 0.90 | p = 0.37 | p = 0.90 | — | — | p = 0.43 | p = 0.79 |
Thermal Adaptation Behavior | Frequency (%) | Cold Adaptation Behavior | Frequency (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Use an electric fan | 2.26 | Turn up the heating | 9.50 |
Use a fan | 1.97 | Close the door | 18.01 |
Open the door | 18.19 | Close the window | 20.57 |
Open the window | 35.68 | Add clothes | 26.38 |
Draw the curtains | 2.26 | Drink cold beverage | 17.16 |
Reduce clothes | 33.85 | Use hand warmer | 8.37 |
Drink hot beverage | 5.78 |
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Sun, Y.; Luo, X.; Ming, H. Analyzing the Time-Varying Thermal Perception of Students in Classrooms and Its Influencing Factors from a Case Study in Xi’an, China. Buildings 2022, 12, 75. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12010075
Sun Y, Luo X, Ming H. Analyzing the Time-Varying Thermal Perception of Students in Classrooms and Its Influencing Factors from a Case Study in Xi’an, China. Buildings. 2022; 12(1):75. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12010075
Chicago/Turabian StyleSun, Yongkai, Xi Luo, and Hui Ming. 2022. "Analyzing the Time-Varying Thermal Perception of Students in Classrooms and Its Influencing Factors from a Case Study in Xi’an, China" Buildings 12, no. 1: 75. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12010075