Preparation and Properties Study of Cementitious Grouts Containing Crumb Rubber
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Overview of the Experimental Program
2.2. Materials
2.3. Crumb Rubber Treated with NaOH Solutions or Microwave
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Analysis of the Toughening Mechanism of Crumb Rubber on PPG
- —The average macroscopic strain of crumb rubber grouts under axial pressure.
- —The deformation of crumb rubber.
- —The deformation of hardened pastes.
- —The transverse poisson free strain of crumb rubber.
- —The transverse poisson free strain of hardened pastes.
- —The poisson ratio of crumb rubber.
- —The poisson ratio of hardened pastes.
- —The transverse constraint strain of crumb rubber.
- —The transverse constraint strain of hardened pastes.
- —The internal force of crumb rubber in the horizontal direction.
- —The internal force of hardened pastes in the horizontal direction.
- —The elastic modulus of crumb rubber.
- —The elastic modulus of hardened pastes.
- —The section area of crumb rubber.
- —The section area of hardened pastes.
- —The poisson’s effect stress of crumb rubber.
3.2. Effects of Untreated Crumb Rubber on the Mechanical Strength of PPG
3.3. Effects of NCR and MCR on the Mechanical Strength of PPG
3.4. Effects of Stirring Rate and Stirring Time on the Rheological Properties of Crumb Rubber Grouts
3.4.1. Effects of Stirring Rate and Stirring Time on the Fluidity of Crumb Rubber Grouts
3.4.2. Effects of Stirring Rate and Stirring Time on the Bleeding Rate and Expansion Rate of Crumb Rubber Grouts
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sieve Size (mm) | Percent Passing (%) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
20 | 30 | 40 | 60 | |
2.36 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
2.00 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
1.18 | 99.91 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
0.6 | 76.01 | 98.91 | 99.95 | 100 |
0.3 | 31.16 | 43.3 | 42.87 | 99.89 |
0.15 | 9.9 | 11.40 | 9.97 | 10.10 |
0.075 | 0.09 | 0.16 | 0.1 | 1.93 |
Density (g⋅cm−3) | Water (%) | Metal (%) | Fiber (%) | Ash (%) | Acetone Extractives (%) | Carbon Black (%) | Rubber Hydrocarbon (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1.17 | 0.75 | 0 | 0.01 | 6.00 | 6.18 | 28 | 61 |
Examination Items | Measured Value | Standard Value | |
---|---|---|---|
Setting time (h) | Initial setting time | 8.5 | ≥5 |
Final setting time | 10.8 | ≤24 | |
Fluidity (25 °C) (s) | Initial fluidity | 16 | 10–17 |
30 min fluidity | 19 | 10–20 | |
60 min fluidity | 24 | 10–25 | |
Bleeding rate (%) | 24 h free bleeding rate | 0 | 0 |
3 h wick-induced bleeding rate | 0 | 0 | |
Pressure bleeding rate (%) | 0.22 Mpa | 0.7 | ≤2.0 |
0.36 Mpa | 0.9 | ||
Free expansion rate (%) | 3 h | 1.7 | 0–2 |
24 h | 2.2 | 0–3 | |
Filling degree | Eligible | Eligible | |
Compressive strength (MPa) | 3 d | 41.6 | ≥20 |
7 d | 55.2 | ≥40 | |
28 d | 76.2 | ≥50 | |
Bending strength (MPa) | 3 d | 9.1 | ≥5 |
7 d | 11.0 | ≥6 | |
28 d | 12.3 | ≥10 |
Examination Items | Measured Value | Standard Value | |
---|---|---|---|
Setting time (h) | Initial setting time | 8.5 | ≥5 |
Final setting time | 10.8 | ≤24 | |
Fluidity (25 °C) (s) | Initial fluidity | 16 | 10–17 |
30 min fluidity | 19 | 10–20 | |
60 min fluidity | 24 | 10–25 | |
Bleeding rate (%) | 24 h free bleeding rate | 0 | 0 |
3 h wick-induced bleeding rate | 0 | 0 | |
Pressure bleeding rate (%) | 0.22 MPa | 0.7 | ≤2.0 |
0.36 MPa | 0.9 | ||
Free expansion rate (%) | 3 h | 1.7 | 0–2 |
24 h | 2.2 | 0–3 | |
Filling degree | Eligible | Eligible | |
Compressive strength (MPa) | 3 d | 41.6 | ≥20 |
7 d | 55.2 | ≥40 | |
28 d | 76.2 | ≥50 | |
Bending strength (MPa) | 3 d | 9.1 | ≥5 |
7 d | 11.0 | ≥6 | |
28 d | 12.3 | ≥10 |
Density (g⋅cm−3) | Water (%) | Metal (%) | Fiber (%) | Ash (%) | Acetone Extractives (%) | Carbon Black (%) | Rubber Hydrocarbon (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1.17 | 0.75 | 0 | 0.01 | 6.00 | 6.18 | 28 | 61 |
Sieve Size (mm) | Percent Passing (%) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
20 | 30 | 40 | 60 | |
2.36 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
2.00 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
1.18 | 99.91 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
0.6 | 76.01 | 98.91 | 99.95 | 100 |
0.3 | 31.16 | 43.3 | 42.87 | 99.89 |
0.15 | 9.9 | 11.40 | 9.97 | 10.10 |
0.075 | 0.09 | 0.16 | 0.1 | 1.93 |
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Yuan, W.; Yang, R.; Yu, J.; Zhou, S.; Cui, S.; Kang, J.; Yao, Z. Preparation and Properties Study of Cementitious Grouts Containing Crumb Rubber. Buildings 2021, 11, 555. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings11110555
Yuan W, Yang R, Yu J, Zhou S, Cui S, Kang J, Yao Z. Preparation and Properties Study of Cementitious Grouts Containing Crumb Rubber. Buildings. 2021; 11(11):555. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings11110555
Chicago/Turabian StyleYuan, Wei, Renfeng Yang, Jianyou Yu, Shixin Zhou, Shaoqian Cui, Jian Kang, and Zechen Yao. 2021. "Preparation and Properties Study of Cementitious Grouts Containing Crumb Rubber" Buildings 11, no. 11: 555. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings11110555